Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

HÜKÜMET DIŞI KURULUŞLARIN ULUSLARARASI ANTLAŞMA KURALLARININ OLUŞUMU VE UYGULANMASI SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 731 - 764, 29.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd.1375552

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşından bu yana hükümet dışı kuruluşların (HDK) sayıları gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu kuruluşların ortak bir tanımı bulunmamaktadır; ancak özellikleri konusunda uzlaşılmıştır. 1990’ların başından beri uluslararası hukuk kişiliğinin kazanılması konusundaki çabalar yetersiz kalmışsa da gelişen uluslararası hukuk anlayışında hükümet dışı kuruluşların da uluslararası hukuk kişiliği tartışılmaktadır. Hükümet dışı kuruluşların uluslararası hukuk kurallarının oluşturulması ve uygulanması hususunda etkisi bulunmaktadır. Özellikle insancıl hukuk, insan hakları, çevrenin korunması alanlarında kamuoyu oluşturmaktan, konferansların düzenlenmesine, uluslararası antlaşmaların kaleme alınmasından, uygulanmasına kadar birçok süreçte doğrudan ya da dolaylı etkileri olduğu yadsınamaz. Çalışmada uluslararası antlaşma örneklerinden yola çıkılarak, hükümet dışı kuruluşların uluslararası antlaşma kurallarının oluşumu ve uygulanması süreçlerine etkileri incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksar, Yusuf: Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk I, Ankara 2021.
  • Arend, Anthony Clark: Legal Rules and International Society, OUP, 1999.
  • Azaklı Köse, Miray: “NGOs As A Specific Model Of Participationhow Can One Justify That Model With Regard To Theory Of Democracy?”, İstanbul Medeniyet Üniveersitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 4, 2018, s. 59-82.
  • Balcı, Zeynep Selin: “Devlet Dışı Aktörlerin Uluslararası Çevre Hukukuna Katkısı ve İlişkisel Sorumluluk” (Ed. Savaşan, Zerrin/Ünay, Hakan), Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları, Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara 2021.
  • Başlar, Kemal: Uluslararası Hukukta Hükümet Dışı Kuruluşlar Vestfelya Sonrası Süreçte Küresel Sivil Toplum, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 2005.
  • Crawford, James: Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, OUP, 2019.
  • Vedder, Christoph: “The International Olympic Committee: An Advanced Non-Governmental Organization and the International Law.” German Yearbook of International Law, 27, 1984, s. 233-258.
  • Blitt, Robert C.: “Who Will Watch the Watchdogs - Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations and the Case for Regulation” Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Cilt 10, 2004, ss. 261-398.
  • Boven, Theo van: “The Role Of Non-Governmental Organizations In International Human Rights Standard-Setting: A Prerequisite Of Democracy”, California Western International Law Journal, Cilt 20, Sayı 2, 2015, s. 207-225.
  • Brett, Rachell: “Non-Governmental Human Rights Organizations And International Humanitarian Law” International Review of The Red Cross, s. 531-536.
  • Charnovitz, Steve: “Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Cilt 100, Sayı 2, April, 2006, s. 348-372.
  • Christensen, Robert K.: “International Nongovernmental Organizations: Globalization, Policy Learning, and the Nation-State” Intl Journal of Public Administration, Cilt. 29, 2006, Tablo 1 ve 2, s. 286-287.
  • Çakmak, Cenap: “The Role of Non-Governmental Organızations (NGOs) In The Norm Creation Process In The Field Of Human Rights”, Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, Spring 2004, s. 100-122.
  • Debuf, Els: “Tools to do the job: The ICRC’s legal status, privileges and immunities” Internat Erdem Türkelli, Gamze/Vandenhole, Wauter/Vandenbogaerde Arne: “NGO Impact on Law-making: The Case of a Complaints Procedure under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child” Journal of Human Rights Practice, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, s. 1-44.
  • Erikson, Marja K./Sadiwa, L.: Non-Governmental Organisations. Manuel on Human Rights Monitoring (s. 1-11). The Norwegian Institute of Human Rights, 2001.
  • Erson Asar, Bilge: “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Devlet Dışı Aktörlerin Çevresel Sorumluluğu: Uluslararası Örgütler, Hükümetdışı Örgütler ve Ticari Kuruluşlar” (Ed. Savaşan, Zerrin/Ünay, Hakan), Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları, Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara 2021.
  • Glasius, Marlies: The International Criminal Court A Global Civil Society Achievement, Routlenge, 2006. Harding, Christopher: “VINGT ANS APRÈS: Rainbow Warrior, Legal Ordering, and Legal Complexity” The Singapore Yearbook of International Law, 10, 2006, s. 99-116.
  • Hart, Stuart N./Thetaz-Bergman, Laura: “The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, Fall 1996, s. 374-392.
  • Higgins, Rosalyn: Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Clarendon Press, 1994, s. 641-681.
  • Hobe, Stephan: “Global Challenges to Statehood: The Increasingly Important Role of Nongovernmental Organizations.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, Fall 1997, s. 191-209.
  • Kamminga, Menno T.: “The Evolving Status of NGOs under International Law: A Threat to the InterState System?” (Ed. P. Alston), Non-State Actors and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
  • Kaya, Recep: “Hükümet Dışı Organizasyonların Kamu Yönetimi Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Kadın Örgütleri Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi”, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 22, Sayı 38, 2020, s. 1-9.
  • Koh, Harold Hongju: “The 1994 Roscoe Pound Lecture: Transnational Legal Process”, Nebreska Law Review, Cilt 75, 1996, s. 181-207.
  • Lindblom, Anna-Karin: Non-Governmental Organisations in International Law, CUP, 2005.
  • Meray, Seha: “Birleşmiş Milletler Nezdinde Uğranılan Cismani Zararların Tazmini Meselesi”, Siyasi İlimler ve Hukuk, Cilt 9, Sayı 1, 1954, s. 85-134.
  • Meron, Theodor: “The Humanization of Humanitarian Law”, The American Journal of International Law, Cilt 94, Sayı 2, April, 2000, s. 239-278.
  • Meron, Theodor: “The Humanization of International Law”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
  • Mullerson, R. A.: “Sources of International Law: New Tendencies in Soviet Thinking”, The American Journal of International Law, Cilt 83, Sayı 3, Jul, 1989.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk, 20. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2021.
  • Pearson, Zoe: “Non-Governmental Organizations and the International Criminal Court: Changing Landscapes of International Law”, Cornell International Law Journal, Cilt 39, Sayı 2, s. 243-284.
  • Polonko, Karen A./Lombardo, Lucien X.: “Non-Governmental Organisations and the un Convention on the Rights of the Child” international Journal of Children’s Rights, Cilt 23, 2015, s. 133-153.
  • Raustiala, Kal: “The Participatory Revolution in International Environmental Law”, Harvard Environmental Law Review, Cilt 21, 1997, s. 537-586.
  • Ross, Alexander Jr.: “Growing Role of NGOs and the UN” 02.06.2017, https://behorizon.org/ngos-and-the-un/ (26.01.2023).
  • Rossi, Ingrid: Legal Status of Non-Governmental Organizations In International Law, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Law, 2009-2010.
  • Rothwell, Donald R.: “The Antarctic Whaling Case: Litigation In The International Court And The Role Played by NGOs” The Polar Journal, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, 2013, s. 399-414.
  • Rustomova, J.: “Features Of Non-Governmental Organizations In International Law” The scientific heritage, Sayı 95, 2022, s. 39-42.
  • Schrenk, Sarah C.: “The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Law” Gonzaga Journal of International Law, 10, 2006-2007, s. 252-268.
  • Specter, J. M.: “Saving the Ice Princess: NGOs, Antarctica & (and) International Law in the New Millennium.” Suffolk Transnational Law Review, Cilt 23, Sayı 1, Winter 1999, s. 57-100.
  • Sur, Melda: Uluslararası Hukukun Temel Esasları, Beta Yayımcılık, İstanbul, 2022.
  • Torun, B. Alper/Yavan, Sercan: “Çevre Sorunlarının Ekonomi Politiği: Devlet ve Devlet Dışı Aktörler” (Ed. Savaşan, Zerrin/Ünay, Hakan), Uluslararası Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları, Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara 2021.
  • Törnquist-Chesnier, Marie: “NGOs and International Law”, Journal of Human Rights, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, 2004, s. 253-263.
  • UN, “Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, E/CN.4/1987/17, Human Rights Quarterly, Cilt 9, 1987, s. 122-135.
  • Wagner, Markus: “Non-State Actors” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, (Ed. Rüdiger Wolfrum) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
  • Zengin, Mehmet Ali: “Katılımcı Demokrasinin Vasıtaları ve Bu Vasıtalardan Referandumun Çevre Hakkına Olan Etkileri”, YBHD, Cilt 4, Sayı 2, 2019, s. 24-54.
  • Diğer Kaynaklar
  • “Agreement between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Swiss Federal Council”, IRRC, No. 293, 1993.
  • American Association for the International Commission of Jurists, The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Distr. General E/CN .4/1985/4, 28 September 1984.
  • Amnesty International: Combating Torture and Other Ill- Treatment, A Manual for Action, Amnesty Int Ltd, 2016.
  • ASOC, Protecting Antarctica, https://www.asoc.org/ (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023).
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Washington, D.C., 03.03.1973.
  • Chapter IV, Rules Of Procedure Of The Committee On The Elımınatıon Of Discrimination Against Women, [Part Of HRI/GEN/3/Rev.3 ], M. 47.
  • Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, https://www.apminebanconvention.org/ottawa-process/overview/ (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • Council of Europe, European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations Strasbourg, 24.04.1986.
  • Council of Europe, European Convention On The Recognition Of The Legal Personality Of International Non-Governmental Organizations, 01.01.1991.
  • Council of Europe, Explanatory Report to the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations Strasbourg, 24.04.1986.
  • Denk, Erdem: Milletler Cemiyeti Misakı, http://www.erdemdenk.com/mcmisakı.doc (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2023).
  • DPI- NGO, https://omiusajpic.org/global/united-nations/dpi-ngo/ (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2023)
  • Union of International Associations, Draft Convention Aiming At Facilitating The Work Of International Non-Governmental Organizations. 11.07.1959.
  • ECOSOC, Resolution 1296 (XLIV), 23 May 1968
  • ECOSOC, Consultative relationship between tbe United Nations and non-governmental organizations, 1996/31, 25 July 1996.
  • ECOSOC, ICESCR’s Rules of Procedure and Working Methods, A. 69, 1993, https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/cescr/rules-procedure-and-working-methods (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ECOSOC, Resolution 1985/17, Review of the composition, organization and administrative arrangements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 28.05.1987.
  • ECOSOC, Review of Consultative Arrangements with Non-Governmental Organizations, E/RES/288(X), 27 February 1950.
  • HCCH, Convenvention concerning recognition of the legal personality of foreign companies (Sociétés), Associations, and Foundations, 1956.
  • Human Rights Careers, The 15 Biggest NGOs in the World, https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/biggest-ngos-in-the-world/ (08.05.2023).
  • ICBL, A Global Network Working For A World Free Of Landmines, http://www.icbl.org/en-gb/home.aspx (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ICBL, Who We Are, http://www.icbl.org/en-gb/about-us/who-we-are/the-icbl.aspx (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ICC, Civil Society and the ICC, https://www.icc-cpi.int/get-involved/Pages/ngos.aspx (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ICC, Understandig to Criminal Courts, 2020, s. 11, https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/understanding-the-icc.pdf (08.05.2023)
  • ICJ, Request for Advisory Opinion (including the dossier of documents transmitted to the Court pursuant to article 65, paragraph 2 of the Statute), 07.12.1948.
  • ICRC, “Overview Of The Convention On The Prohibition Of Anti Personel Mines”, 15.08.2007, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/legal-fact-sheet/landmines-factsheet-150807.htm (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ICRC, Development of Modern International Humanitarian Law, 13.05.2010, https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/who-we-are/history/since-1945/history-ihl/overview-development-modern-international-humanitarian-law.htm (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • ICRC, The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries, https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions (08.05.2023) ICRC, Who We Are, https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2023)
  • ILA, About Us, https://www.ila-hq.org/en_GB/about-us (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2023)
  • ILO, https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/ilo-international-labour-organization/?gclid=CjwKCAjwquWVBhBrEiwAt1KmwhbagB1E_xX8rdedTiP_1ZDNQCfEfaRq8mBFvIiCVR-5F3yxBr5erRoCZl8QAvD_BwE (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • IPCC, Corporate and NGO Actions, https://archive.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch13s13-4-2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2023).
  • France-New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal, 82 I.L.R. 500 (1990).
  • Resolution adopted by the Institute of International Law at its 49th Session (1) III - Conditions for the granting of international status to associations established by private initiative. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol (Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2023).
  • OHCHR, A Practical Guide for NGO Participants: United Nations Human Rights Council, 2013, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/PracticalGuideNGO_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • OSCE, Fundamental Principles on the Status of Non-governmental Organisations in Europe and Explanatory Memorandum, 2001-2002.
  • UIA, Draft Convention Relating to the Legal Position of International Associations, 25.10.1919.
  • UIA, International Associations Under Belgian Law, <https://uia.org/belgianlaw> (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • UIA, International Relief Union (IRU), 1927, https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100038087 (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • UIA, Preliminary draft agreement designed to facilitate the work of non-governmental organizaitons having consultative or equivalent status with the organs of the United Nations, 1949. UIA, Report on the 2nd World Congress of International Associations, 1913.
  • UN, List of Non-Governmental Organization Accredited to the Conference of States Parties, https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/conference-of-states-parties-to-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-2/list-of-non-governmental-organization-accredited-to-the-conference-of-states-parties.html (08.05.2023)
  • UN, NGO Branch, https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/displayDPISearch.do (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2023)
  • UNESCO, List of NGOs in official partnership with UNESCO within the framework of the Directives concerning UNESCO’s partnership with non-governmental organizations (36C / Res. 108) https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/list_ngos_official_partners_unesco.pdf (08.05.2023).
  • UNGA, Res. 45/6, “Observer Status for the International Committee of the Red Cross, in Consideration of the Special Role and Mandates Conferred Upon It by the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949”, 16 October 1990.
  • UNHRC, Introduction to Committee, Committee on the Rights on the Child https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Pages/CRCIntro.aspx (Erişim Tarihi 09.05.2023)
  • WEF, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), https://www.weforum.org/organizations/international-federation-of-red-cross-and-red-crescent-societies-ifrc?DAG=3&gclid=Cj0KCQiA8t2eBhDeARIsAAVEga1rRaYZEW-V9C8vOFthfBXLf16PxZWJBN3gumqHtwmkzatTxcXcqnAaAtNBEALw_wcB (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2023).
  • WMO, Our Mandate, https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate (Erişim Tarihi: 30.01.2023).
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Neslihan Özkerim Güner 0000-0001-8130-9461

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özkerim Güner, Neslihan. “HÜKÜMET DIŞI KURULUŞLARIN ULUSLARARASI ANTLAŞMA KURALLARININ OLUŞUMU VE UYGULANMASI SÜRECİNE ETKİLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 25, sy. 2 (Kasım 2023): 731-64. https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd.1375552.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
TR-DİZİN, HeinOnline, GoogleScholar, Academindex, Sherpa Romeo, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory ve Asos Index veri tabanlarında taranmaktadır.

Dergimiz 2024 Mayıs sayısından itibaren yalnızca elektronik ortamda yayınlanacaktır.

Dokuz Eylul University Publishing Web-Page
https://kutuphane.deu.edu.tr/yayinevi/

İletişim sayfamız
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deuhfd/contacts

open-access7532.logowik.com.webpby-nc.png