Yaşlılarda Sarkopeni ve Hemşirelik

Bilgehan Özkaya Sağlam; Özlem Küçükgüçlü

doi:10.46483/deuhfed.925813

Derleme

Sarcopenia in Older Adults and Nursing

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 461 - 470, 15.10.2021

Bilgehan Özkaya Sağlam , Özlem Küçükgüçlü

https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.925813

Öz

Sarcopenia is one of the common geriatric syndromes in the older adults and causes many negative health outcomes such as decreased functionality, decreased quality of life, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Prevention of sarcopenia, early diagnosis, maintenance of necessary treatment and care, require health professionals to work with a multidisciplinary team approach. Nurses within the healthcare team, have an important role in the prevention and diagnosis of sarcopenia and planning individual interventions. While providing care to older adults, nurses with a specialized knowledge should screen for sarcopenia, educate them for prevention of sarcopenia, plan and manage the necessary care for individuals diagnosed. In order to do all these, first of all, nurses should know the concept of sarcopenia and realize its importance. This review aims to provide a source of information on evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and care for sarcopenia, to emphasize the importance of the issue in terms of nursing care, and to guide nurses about sarcopenia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elderly, Geriatric Syndrome, Sarcopenia, Nursing

Kaynakça

1. Carlson C, Merel SE, Yukawa M. Geriatric syndromes and geriatric assessment for the generalist. Med Clin North Am 2015;99(2):263-279.
2. Işık AT, Soysal P. Sendrom, Geriatri ve geriatrik sendrom. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018:249-261.
3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F et al. Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010;39(4):412-423.
4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T et al. Sarcopenia: revised european consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019;48(1):16-31.
5. Yamada M, Nishiguchi S, Fukutani N, Tanigawa T, Yukutake T, Kayama H et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling japanese older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14(12):911-915.
6. Legrand D, Vaes B, Matheï C, Swine C, Swine C, Degryse JM. The prevalence of sarcopenia in very old individuals according to the european consensus definition: insights from the BELFRAIL study. Age Ageing 2013;42(6):727-734.
7. Purcell SA, MacKenzie M, Barbosa-Silva TG, Dionne IJ, Ghosh S, Olobatuyi OV et al. Sarcopenia prevalence using different definitions in older community-dwelling canadians. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24(7),783-790.
8. Papadopoulou SK, Tsintavis P, Potsaki G, Papandreou D. differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling, nursing home and hospitalized individuals. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24(1):83-90.
9. Simsek H, Meseri R, Sahin S, Kilavuz A, Bicakli DH, Uyar M, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Saudi Med J 2019;40(6):568-574.
10. Akune T, Muraki S, Oka H, Tanaka S, Kawaguchi H, Tokimura F et al. Incidence of certified need of care in the long-term care insurance system and its risk factors in the elderly of Japanese population-based cohorts: the ROAD study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14(3):695–701.
11. Beaudart C, Biver E, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Rolland Y, Bautmans I, et al. Validation of the SarQoL(R), a specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017;8(2):238–44.
12. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Schlögl M et al. Comparative performance of current definitions of sarcopenia against the prospective incidence of falls among community-dwelling seniors age 65 and older. Osteoporos Int 2015;26(12):2793–802.
13. Bone AE, Hepgul N, Kon S, Maddocks M. Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease. Chron Respir Dis 2017;14(1):85–99.
14. Dos Santos L, Cyrino ES, Antunes M, Santos DA, SArdinha LB. Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: the independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017;8(2):245–50.
15. Schaap LA, Van Schoor NM, Lips P, Visser M. Associations of sarcopenia definitions, and their components, with the incidence of recurrent falling and fractures: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018;73(9):1199–204.
16. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, Tufano JJ, Shiells K, Holmerova I. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:835–45.
17. Cawthon PM, Lui LY, Taylor BC, McCulloch CE, Cauley JA, Lapidus J et al. Clinical definitions of sarcopenia and risk of hospitalization in community-dwelling older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017;72(10):1383–89.
18. Garrard, JW, Cox NJ, Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Sayer AA. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32(2),197-205.
19. Spirgiene L, Brent L. Comprehensive geriatric assessment from a nursing perspective. In Hertz K, Santy-Tomlinson J, Fragility Fracture Nursing. 1. Edition. Switzerland Springer; 2018: 41-52.
20. Silva RF, Figueiredo MDLF, Darder JJT, Santos AMRD, Tyrrell MAR. Sarcopenia screening in elderly in primary health care: nurse knowledge and practices. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2020;73.
21. Sümer F, Halil M. Sarkopeni. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018: 249-261.
22. Yu S, Umapathysivam K, Visvanathan R. Sarcopenia in older people. Int J Evid Based Heal 2014;12(4):227-243.
23. Collins-Hooper H, Woolley T, Dyson L, Patel A, Potter P, Baker RE et al. Age-related changes in speed and mechanism of adult skeletal muscle stem cell migration. Stem Cells 2012;30(6):1182-1195.
24. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Topinková E, Michel JP. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13(1):1-7.
25. Walrand S, Guillet C, Salles J, Cano N. Boirie physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2011;27(3):365-385.
26. da Silva Alexandre T, de Oliveira Duarte YA, Santos JF, Wong R, Lebrão ML. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among elderly in Brazil: findings from the SABE study. J Nutr Health Aging 2014;18(3):284-290.
27. Lardiés-Sánchez B, Sanz-París A, Pérez-Nogueras J, Serrano-Oliver A, Torres-Anoro ME, Cruz-Jentoft AJ. Influence of nutritional status in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in nursing home residents. Nutrition 2017; 41:51-57.
28. Pang BWJ, Wee SL, Lau LK, Jabbar KA, Seah WT, Ng DHM el al. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in Singaporean adults—the Yishun Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021;22(4):885-e1.
29. Sökmen ÜN, Dişçigil G. Yaşlılıkta sarkopeni. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician 2017;8(2):49-54.
30. Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Morley JE. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7(1):28–36.
31. Akdere H. Diz ve ayak bileği eklemlerinin hareket genişliklerinin ölçümü. Fırat Tıp Dergisi. 2011;16(1):11-14.
32. Cesari M, Pahor M, Marzetti E, Zamboni V, Colloca G, Tosato M et al. Self-assessed health status, walking speed and mortality in older Mexican-Americans. Gerontology 2009;55(2):194-201.
33. Fan J, Kou X, Yang Y, Chen N. MicroRNA-regulated proinflammatory cytokines in sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm 2016, 1-9.
34. Phu S, Boersma D, Duque G. Exercise and sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom 2015;18(4):488-492.
35. Hassan BH, Hewitt J, Keogh JW, Bermeo S, Duque G, Henwood TR. Impact of resistance training on sarcopenia in nursing care facilities: a pilot study. Geriatric nursing 2016;37(2):116-121.
36. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft A, Morley JE et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14(8):542-559.
37. Remelli F, Vitali A, Zurlo A, Volpato S. Vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in older persons. Nutrients 2019;11(12):2861.
38. Kim SW, Kim R. The association between hormone therapy and sarcopenia in postmenopausal women: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2011. Menopause (New York, NY) 2020;27(5):506.
39. Javed AA, Mayhew AJ, Shea AK, Raina P. Association between hormone therapy and muscle mass in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2(8): e1910154.
40. Trethewey SP, Brown N, Gao F, Turner AM. Interventions for the management and prevention of sarcopenia in the critically ill: A systematic review. Journal of Critical Care 2019; 50:287-295.
41. Burhenn PS, McCarthy AL, Begue A, Nightingale G, Cheng K, Kenis C. Geriatric assessment in daily oncology practice for nurses and allied health care professionals: Opinion paper of the Nursing and Allied Health Interest Group of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). J Geriatr Oncol 2016;7(5):315-324.
42. Cohen HJ, Smith D, Sun CL, Tew W, Mohile SG, Owusu C et al. Frailty as determined by a comprehensive geriatric assessment-derived deficit-accumulation index in older patients with cancer who receive chemotherapy. Cancer 2016;122(24):3865-3872.
43. İlhan B, Karan MA. Yaşlı onkolojik hastalarda perioperatif bakım. İçinde Saka B, Geriatrik Onkoloji. Ankara Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018:9-14
44. Baijal P, Periyakoil V. Understanding frailty in cancer patients. The Cancer Journal 2014;20(5):358-66.
45. Kasapoğlu US, Güngör S, Arınç S, Yalçınsoy M, Mısıroğlu A, Akbay Ö. Seksen yaş üzerindeki akciğer kanseri olguları ve sağkalımı etkileyen faktörler. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks 2017;65(2):97-105.
46. Bektaş H, Kalav S. Kapsamlı geriatrik değerlendirme. Uluslararası Hakemli Hemşirelik Araştırmaları Dergisi 2017; 11:201-228.
47. Kanadlı KA, Sazak Y, Tosun N. Çok yönlü geriatrik değerlendirmede multidisipliner ekip yaklaşımı ve hemşirenin rolü. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 2021;4(1):15-22.
48. Karadakovan A. Sarkopenisi olan yaşlıda hemşirelik yaklaşımı. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018:249-261.
49. Baz S, Ardahan M. Yaşlılarda malnütrisyon ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2016;5(3):147-153.
50. Alan Ö, Gürsel Ö, Ünsal M, Altın S, Kılçıksız S. Geriatrik hastalarda onkolojik yaklaşım. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 2013; 29:94-98.
51. Murphy RA, Ip EH, Zhang Q, Boudreau RM, Cawthon PM, Newman AB et al. Transition to sarcopenia and determinants of transitions in older adults: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014;69(6):751-758.

Yaşlılarda Sarkopeni ve Hemşirelik

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 461 - 470, 15.10.2021

Bilgehan Özkaya Sağlam , Özlem Küçükgüçlü

https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.925813

Öz

Sarkopeni yaşlılarda sık görülen geriatrik sendromlardan biri olup fonksiyonellikte azalma, yaşam kalitesinde düşme, morbidite ve mortalite riskini artırma gibi birçok olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarına sebep olmaktadır. Sarkopeninin önlenmesi, erken tanılanması, gerekli tedavi ve bakımının sürdürülmesi, sağlık profesyonellerinin multidisipliner ekip anlayışı ile çalışmasını gerektirir. Sağlık ekibi içinde hemşireler, sarkopeninin önlenmesinde, tanılanmasında ve bireye özgü girişimlerin planlanmasında önemli bir role sahiptir. Hemşireler, yaşlı bireylere bakım verirken özelleşen bir bilgi birikimi ile sarkopeni açısından taramalar yapmalı, sarkopeniden korunmaya yönelik eğitim vermeli, tanı alan bireylere yönelik gerekli bakımı planlamalı ve yönetmelidir. Tüm bunları yapabilmek için öncelikli olarak hemşirelerin sarkopeni kavramını bilmeleri ve öneminin farkına varmaları gerekmektedir. Bu derleme, sarkopeniye yönelik değerlendirme, tanılama, önleme, tedavi ve bakım konularında bilgi kaynağı oluşturmayı, hemşirelik bakımı açısından konunun önemini vurgulamayı ve hemşirelere sarkopeni konusunda rehber olmayı amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşlı, Geriatrik Sendrom, Sarkopeni, Hemşirelik

Kaynakça

1. Carlson C, Merel SE, Yukawa M. Geriatric syndromes and geriatric assessment for the generalist. Med Clin North Am 2015;99(2):263-279.
2. Işık AT, Soysal P. Sendrom, Geriatri ve geriatrik sendrom. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018:249-261.
3. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F et al. Sarcopenia: european consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the european working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010;39(4):412-423.
4. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T et al. Sarcopenia: revised european consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019;48(1):16-31.
5. Yamada M, Nishiguchi S, Fukutani N, Tanigawa T, Yukutake T, Kayama H et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling japanese older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14(12):911-915.
6. Legrand D, Vaes B, Matheï C, Swine C, Swine C, Degryse JM. The prevalence of sarcopenia in very old individuals according to the european consensus definition: insights from the BELFRAIL study. Age Ageing 2013;42(6):727-734.
7. Purcell SA, MacKenzie M, Barbosa-Silva TG, Dionne IJ, Ghosh S, Olobatuyi OV et al. Sarcopenia prevalence using different definitions in older community-dwelling canadians. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24(7),783-790.
8. Papadopoulou SK, Tsintavis P, Potsaki G, Papandreou D. differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling, nursing home and hospitalized individuals. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24(1):83-90.
9. Simsek H, Meseri R, Sahin S, Kilavuz A, Bicakli DH, Uyar M, et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and related factors in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Saudi Med J 2019;40(6):568-574.
10. Akune T, Muraki S, Oka H, Tanaka S, Kawaguchi H, Tokimura F et al. Incidence of certified need of care in the long-term care insurance system and its risk factors in the elderly of Japanese population-based cohorts: the ROAD study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014;14(3):695–701.
11. Beaudart C, Biver E, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Rolland Y, Bautmans I, et al. Validation of the SarQoL(R), a specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017;8(2):238–44.
12. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav JE, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R, Schlögl M et al. Comparative performance of current definitions of sarcopenia against the prospective incidence of falls among community-dwelling seniors age 65 and older. Osteoporos Int 2015;26(12):2793–802.
13. Bone AE, Hepgul N, Kon S, Maddocks M. Sarcopenia and frailty in chronic respiratory disease. Chron Respir Dis 2017;14(1):85–99.
14. Dos Santos L, Cyrino ES, Antunes M, Santos DA, SArdinha LB. Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: the independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017;8(2):245–50.
15. Schaap LA, Van Schoor NM, Lips P, Visser M. Associations of sarcopenia definitions, and their components, with the incidence of recurrent falling and fractures: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018;73(9):1199–204.
16. Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, Tufano JJ, Shiells K, Holmerova I. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:835–45.
17. Cawthon PM, Lui LY, Taylor BC, McCulloch CE, Cauley JA, Lapidus J et al. Clinical definitions of sarcopenia and risk of hospitalization in community-dwelling older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017;72(10):1383–89.
18. Garrard, JW, Cox NJ, Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Sayer AA. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32(2),197-205.
19. Spirgiene L, Brent L. Comprehensive geriatric assessment from a nursing perspective. In Hertz K, Santy-Tomlinson J, Fragility Fracture Nursing. 1. Edition. Switzerland Springer; 2018: 41-52.
20. Silva RF, Figueiredo MDLF, Darder JJT, Santos AMRD, Tyrrell MAR. Sarcopenia screening in elderly in primary health care: nurse knowledge and practices. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2020;73.
21. Sümer F, Halil M. Sarkopeni. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018: 249-261.
22. Yu S, Umapathysivam K, Visvanathan R. Sarcopenia in older people. Int J Evid Based Heal 2014;12(4):227-243.
23. Collins-Hooper H, Woolley T, Dyson L, Patel A, Potter P, Baker RE et al. Age-related changes in speed and mechanism of adult skeletal muscle stem cell migration. Stem Cells 2012;30(6):1182-1195.
24. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Topinková E, Michel JP. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13(1):1-7.
25. Walrand S, Guillet C, Salles J, Cano N. Boirie physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2011;27(3):365-385.
26. da Silva Alexandre T, de Oliveira Duarte YA, Santos JF, Wong R, Lebrão ML. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia among elderly in Brazil: findings from the SABE study. J Nutr Health Aging 2014;18(3):284-290.
27. Lardiés-Sánchez B, Sanz-París A, Pérez-Nogueras J, Serrano-Oliver A, Torres-Anoro ME, Cruz-Jentoft AJ. Influence of nutritional status in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in nursing home residents. Nutrition 2017; 41:51-57.
28. Pang BWJ, Wee SL, Lau LK, Jabbar KA, Seah WT, Ng DHM el al. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in Singaporean adults—the Yishun Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021;22(4):885-e1.
29. Sökmen ÜN, Dişçigil G. Yaşlılıkta sarkopeni. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician 2017;8(2):49-54.
30. Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Morley JE. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7(1):28–36.
31. Akdere H. Diz ve ayak bileği eklemlerinin hareket genişliklerinin ölçümü. Fırat Tıp Dergisi. 2011;16(1):11-14.
32. Cesari M, Pahor M, Marzetti E, Zamboni V, Colloca G, Tosato M et al. Self-assessed health status, walking speed and mortality in older Mexican-Americans. Gerontology 2009;55(2):194-201.
33. Fan J, Kou X, Yang Y, Chen N. MicroRNA-regulated proinflammatory cytokines in sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm 2016, 1-9.
34. Phu S, Boersma D, Duque G. Exercise and sarcopenia. J Clin Densitom 2015;18(4):488-492.
35. Hassan BH, Hewitt J, Keogh JW, Bermeo S, Duque G, Henwood TR. Impact of resistance training on sarcopenia in nursing care facilities: a pilot study. Geriatric nursing 2016;37(2):116-121.
36. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft A, Morley JE et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013;14(8):542-559.
37. Remelli F, Vitali A, Zurlo A, Volpato S. Vitamin D deficiency and sarcopenia in older persons. Nutrients 2019;11(12):2861.
38. Kim SW, Kim R. The association between hormone therapy and sarcopenia in postmenopausal women: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2011. Menopause (New York, NY) 2020;27(5):506.
39. Javed AA, Mayhew AJ, Shea AK, Raina P. Association between hormone therapy and muscle mass in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2(8): e1910154.
40. Trethewey SP, Brown N, Gao F, Turner AM. Interventions for the management and prevention of sarcopenia in the critically ill: A systematic review. Journal of Critical Care 2019; 50:287-295.
41. Burhenn PS, McCarthy AL, Begue A, Nightingale G, Cheng K, Kenis C. Geriatric assessment in daily oncology practice for nurses and allied health care professionals: Opinion paper of the Nursing and Allied Health Interest Group of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). J Geriatr Oncol 2016;7(5):315-324.
42. Cohen HJ, Smith D, Sun CL, Tew W, Mohile SG, Owusu C et al. Frailty as determined by a comprehensive geriatric assessment-derived deficit-accumulation index in older patients with cancer who receive chemotherapy. Cancer 2016;122(24):3865-3872.
43. İlhan B, Karan MA. Yaşlı onkolojik hastalarda perioperatif bakım. İçinde Saka B, Geriatrik Onkoloji. Ankara Türkiye Klinikleri; 2018:9-14
44. Baijal P, Periyakoil V. Understanding frailty in cancer patients. The Cancer Journal 2014;20(5):358-66.
45. Kasapoğlu US, Güngör S, Arınç S, Yalçınsoy M, Mısıroğlu A, Akbay Ö. Seksen yaş üzerindeki akciğer kanseri olguları ve sağkalımı etkileyen faktörler. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks 2017;65(2):97-105.
46. Bektaş H, Kalav S. Kapsamlı geriatrik değerlendirme. Uluslararası Hakemli Hemşirelik Araştırmaları Dergisi 2017; 11:201-228.
47. Kanadlı KA, Sazak Y, Tosun N. Çok yönlü geriatrik değerlendirmede multidisipliner ekip yaklaşımı ve hemşirenin rolü. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 2021;4(1):15-22.
48. Karadakovan A. Sarkopenisi olan yaşlıda hemşirelik yaklaşımı. İçinde Soysal P, Işık AT, Geriatri Pratiğinde Geriatrik Sendromlar. 1. Baskı. İzmir US Akademi; 2018:249-261.
49. Baz S, Ardahan M. Yaşlılarda malnütrisyon ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2016;5(3):147-153.
50. Alan Ö, Gürsel Ö, Ünsal M, Altın S, Kılçıksız S. Geriatrik hastalarda onkolojik yaklaşım. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi 2013; 29:94-98.
51. Murphy RA, Ip EH, Zhang Q, Boudreau RM, Cawthon PM, Newman AB et al. Transition to sarcopenia and determinants of transitions in older adults: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014;69(6):751-758.

Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Hemşirelik
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Bilgehan Özkaya Sağlam 0000-0003-2125-1960 Özlem Küçükgüçlü 0000-0002-4771-1091
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	15 Ekim 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi	15 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA	Özkaya Sağlam, B., & Küçükgüçlü, Ö. (2021). Yaşlılarda Sarkopeni ve Hemşirelik. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 14(4), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.925813

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