MİKROALGAL BİYOTEKNOLOJİ: ETİK VE FİKRİ MÜKLİYET HAKLARI

Öz

Microalgal biotechnology is a novel developing area which is persistent in most of the technological divisions. With the spread in microalgal biotechnology, there has been a peak in the number of products and services which has led to a new understanding covering the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IPRs are the legal rights of the developer to hold and protect the defined product or service. With the recent developments in microalgal biotechnology, a new understanding should be adopted in terms of covering the opportunities, threads, legal rights and ethical issues to benefit from more realistic, secure and sustainable production technologies and reliable products. Thus this study aims to display the relation of microalgal biotechnology with IPRs

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Microalgae, Intellectual property rights, Patents, Biodesign, Biotechnology, Sustainability

MICROALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: ETHICS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Öz

Mikroalgal biyoteknoloji hızla gelişen özgün bir alandır ve teknolojinin pek çok alanında adından söz ettirmektedir. Mikroalgal biyoteknolojinin yaygınlaşmasıyla beraber pazarda yerini alan ürün ve hizmetlerin yanı sıra mikroalgal üretimlerde fikri mülkiyet haklarından da bahsedilmeye başlanmıştır. Mikroalgal biyoteknolojinin gelişmesi için yeni fırsatlar var olsa da; olası zorluklar ve etik konuları ile alakalı araştırmaların yaygınlaştırılması ve yasal düzenlemelere tabii tutulmasıyla daha güvenli ve sürdürülebilir üretim yöntemleri ile güvenilir ürünlerin ortaya çıkacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle hazırlanan bu çalışmada mikroalgal biyoteknolojinin fikri mülkiyet hakları ile ilişkisi incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mikroalg, Fikri mülkiyet hakları, Patent, Biyodizayn, Biyoteknoloji, Sürdürülebilirlik

Kaynakça

1. Kosinkova J, Doshi A, Maire J, Ristovski Z, Brown R, Rainey T J. Measuring The Regional Availability of Biomass for Biofuels and the Potential for Microalgae, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., Vol. 49, 2015, pp.1271–1285.
2. Phukan MM, Chutia RS, Konwar BK, Kataki R. Microalgae Chlorella as a potential Bio- Energy Feedstock, Appl. Energy, Vol. 88, No. 10, 2011, pp.3307–3312.
3. Apt KE, Behrens PW. Review Commercial Developments in Microalgal Biotechnology 1, Vol. 226, 1999, pp.215–226.
4. Vidanarachchi JK, Kurukulasuriya MS, Samaraweera AM, Silva KFST. Applications of Marine Nutraceuticals in Dairy Products, Adv. Food Nutr. Res., Vol. 65, 2012, pp. 457–78.
5. Blanch HW. Bioprocessing for Biofuels, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., Vol. 23, No. 3, 2012, pp.390–5.
6. Spök A, Twyman RM, Fischer R, Ma JKC, Sparrow PAC. Evolution of a Regulatory Framework for Pharmaceuticals Derived from Genetically Modified Plants, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 26, No. 9, 2008, pp. 506–17.
7. Öncel SS, Microalgae for a Macroenergy World, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., Vol. 26, 2013, pp.241–264,.
8. Liang Y, Wen Z. Advances in Biorefineries, Elsevier, 2014.

9. Scott SA, Davey MP, Dennis JS, Horst I, Howe CJ, Lea-Smith DJ, Smith AG. Biodiesel from Algae: Challenges and Prospects, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., Vol. 21, No. 3, 2010, pp.277–86.
10. Cordell G.A. Biodiversity and Drug Discovery—A Symbiotic Relationship, Phytochemistry, Vol. 55, No. 6, 2000, pp.463–480.
11. Quiroz Arita CE, Peebles C, Bradley TH. Scalability of combining Microalgae-Based Biofuels with Wastewater Facilities: A Review, Algal Res., Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 160–169.
12. Ghirardi M. Microalgae: A Green Source of Renewable H2, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 18, No. 12, 2000, pp.506–511.
13. Chi Z, O’Fallon JV, Chen S. Bicarbonate Produced from Carbon Capture for Algae Culture, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 29, No. 11, 2011, pp.537–41.
14. Öncel SS, Köse A, Vardar F, Torzillo G. Handbook of Marine Microalgae, Elsevier, 2015.
15. Bains W. Applications of Space Industry Technologies to the Life Sciences, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 13, No. 1, 1995, pp.1–6.
16. Olaizola M. Commercial Development of Microalgal Biotechnology: from the Test Tube to the Marketplace, Biomol. Eng., Vol. 20, No. 4–6, 2003, pp.459–466.
17. Liu B, Benning C. Lipid Metabolism in Microalgae Distinguishes Itself, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., vol. 24, No. 2, 2013, pp.300–9.
18. Jeong Y, Yoon B. Technovation Development of Patent Roadmap Based on Technology Roadmap by Analyzing Patterns of Patent Development, Vol. 40, 2015, pp.37–52.
19. Lehr F, Posten C. Closed Photo-Bioreactors as Tools for Biofuel Production, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009, pp.280–5.
20. Reijnders MJMF, Van Heck RGA,. Lam CMC, Scaife MA,. Dos Santos VAPM, Smith AG, Schaap PJ. Green Genes: Bioinformatics and Systems-Biology Innovations Drive Algal Biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 32, No. 12, 2014, pp.617–26.
21. Munro MHG, Blunt JW, Dumdei EJ, Hickford SJH, Lill RE, Li S, Battershill CN, Duckworth AR. The Discovery and Development of Marine Compounds with Pharmaceutical Potential, J. Biotechnol., Vol. 70, No. 1–3, 1999, pp.15–25.
22. Day JG, Benson EE, Fleck RA. In Vitro Culture and Conservation of Microalgae : Applications for Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Environmental Research, 1999, pp.127– 136.
23. Arad SM, Yaron A. Natural Pigments from Red Microalgae for Use in Foods and Cosmetics, Trends Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 3, 1992, pp. 92–97.
24. Ursu AV, Marcati A, Sayd T, Sante LV, Djelveh G, Michaud P. Extraction, Fractionation and Functional Properties of Proteins from the Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 157, 2014, pp.134–9.
25. Gupta PL, Choi SLH. A Mini Review : Photobioreactors for Large Scale Algal Cultivation, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., Vol. 31, No. 9, 2015, pp.1409–1417.
26. Re A. A Technology Review and Roadmap for Microalgal Biotechnology in Wales, [https://www.swansea.ac.uk/media/microalgal-biotechnology T. -review-map.pdf] Access to Date: 22.03.2015.
27. Cardozo KHM, Guaratini T, Barros MP, Falcão VR, Tonon AP, Lopes NP, Campos S, Torres MA, Souza AO, Colepicolo P, Pinto E. Metabolites from Algae with Economical Impact, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol., vol. 146, No. 1–2, 2007, pp.60– 78.
28. Dufossé L. Encyclopedia of Microbiology, Elsevier, 2009.
29. Osinga R. Marine Bioprocess Engineering: From Ocean to Industry, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 17, No. 8, 1999, pp.303–304.
30. Desai SH, Atsumi S. Photosynthetic Approaches to Chemical Biotechnology, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., Vol. 24, No. 6, 2013, pp.1031–6.
31. Tavares T, Malcata FX. Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Elsevier, 2016.
32. Wen Z, Liu Z, Hou Y, Liu C, Gao F,. Zheng Y, Chen F. Ethanol Induced Astaxanthin Accumulation and Transcriptional Expression of Carotenogenic Genes in Haematococcus Pluvialis, Enzyme Microb. Technol., Vol. 78, 2015, pp.10–17.
33. Chang JJ, Thia C, Lin HY, Liu HL, Ho FJ,. Wu JT, Shih MC, Li WH, Huang CC. Integrating an Algal Β-Carotene Hydroxylase Gene into a Designed Carotenoid- Biosynthesis Pathway Increases Carotenoid Production in Yeast, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 184, 2015, pp.2–8.
34. Wang HMD, Chen CC, Huynh P, Chang JS. Exploring the Potential of Using Algae in Cosmetics, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 184, 2014, pp.355–362.
35. Aneiros A, Garateix A. Bioactive Peptides from Marine Sources: Pharmacological Properties and Isolation Procedures, J. Chromatogr. B, Vol. 803, No. 1, 2004, pp.41–53.
36. Rimmer M, Lloyd M, Mokdsi G, Spielthenner D, Driver E. Intellectual Property and Biofuels : The Energy Crisis, Food Security , and Climate Change, The Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2015, pp.271–297.
37. Jones CS, Mayfield SP. Algae Biofuels: Versatility for the Future of 2015 Bioenergy, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., Vol. 23, No. 3, 2012, pp.346–51.
38. Zhu LD, Hiltunen E, Antila E, Zhong JJ, Yuan ZH, Wang ZM. Microalgal Biofuels: Flexible Bioenergies for Sustainable Development, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., Vol. 30, 2014, pp.1035–1046.
39. Quinn JC, Davis R. The Potentials and Challenges of Algae Based Biofuels: A Review of the Techno-Economic, Life Cycle, and Resource Assessment Modeling, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 184, 2014, pp.444–452.
40. Yue D, You F, Snyder SW. Biomass-to-Bioenergy and Biofuel Supply Chain Optimization: Overview, Key Issues and Challenges, Comput. Chem. Eng., Vol. 66, 2014, pp.36–56.
41. Qin S, Lin H, Jiang P. Advances in Genetic Engineering of Marine Algae, Biotechnol. Adv., Vol. 30, No. 6, 2012, pp.1602–13.
42. Gimpel JA, Specht EA, Georgianna DR, Mayfield SP. Advances in Microalgae Engineering and Synthetic Biology Applications for Biofuel Production, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., Vol. 17, No. 3, 2013, pp.489–95.
43. Scranton MA, Ostrand JT, Fields FJ, Mayfield SP, Chlamydomonas as a Model for Biofuels and Bio-Products Production, 2015, pp. 523–531.
44. Bock R, Khan MS. Taming Plastids for a Green Future, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 22, No. 6, 2004, pp.311–8.
45. Batista AP, Ambrosano L, Graça S, Sousa C, Marques PASS, Ribeiro B, Botrel EP, Castro Neto P, Gouveia L. Combining Urban Wastewater Treatment with Biohydrogen Production-An Integrated Microalgae-Based Approach, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 184, 2015, pp.230–5.
46. Ho SH, Huang SW, Chen CY, Hasunuma T, Kondo A, Chang JS. Bioethanol production Using Carbohydrate-Rich Microalgae Biomass as Feedstock, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 135, 2013, pp.191–8.
47. Dassey AJ, Hall SG, Theegala CS. An Analysis of Energy Consumption for Algal Biodiesel Production: Comparing the Literature with Current Estimates, Algal Res., Vol. 4, 2014, pp.89–95.
48. Lee HS, Vermaas WFJ, Rittmann BE. Biological Hydrogen Production: Prospects and Challenges, Trends Biotechnol., Vol. 28, No. 5, 2010, pp.262–71.
49. Öncel S, Sabankay M. Microalgal Biohydrogen Production Considering Light Energy and Mixing Time as the Two Key Features for Scale-up,” Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 121, 2012, pp.228–234.
50. Öncel SS, Köse A, Faraloni C, İmamoğlu E, Elibol M, Torzillo G, Sükan FV. Biohydrogen Production Using Mutant Strains of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii: The Effects of Light Intensity and Illumination Patterns, Biochem. Eng. J., Vol. 92, 2014, pp.47–52.
51. Weisberg Z. Biotechnology as End Game : Ontological and Ethical Collapse in the Biotech Century, 2015, pp.39–54.
52. Biofuels A, Mcgraw L. The Ethics of Adoption and Development of Case Study 1 of the Adoption and Development of Energy Technologies (State of the Art Review), 2009.
53. Rahman QM, Wang L, Zhang B, Xiu S, Shahbazi A. Green Biorefinery of Fresh Cattail for Microalgal Culture and Ethanol Production, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 185, 2015, pp.436–440.
54. Cadoret JP, Garnier M, Saint-Jean B. Genomic Insights into the Biology of Algae, Elsevier, 2012.
55. Matsushima D, Jenke-Kodama H, Sato Y, Fukunaga Y, Sumimoto K, Kuzuyama T, Matsunaga S, Okada S. The Single Cellular Green Microalga Botryococcus Braunii, Race B Possesses Three Distinct 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthases, Plant Sci., Vol. 185–186, 2012, pp.309–20.
56. Huang TK, McDonald KA. Bioreactor Engineering for Recombinant Protein Production in Plant Cell Suspension Cultures, Biochem. Eng. J., Vol. 45, No. 3, 2009, pp.168–184.
57. Choi YE, Hwang H, Kim HS, Ahn JW, Jeong WJ, Yang JW. Comparative Proteomics Using Lipid Over-Producing Or Less-Producing Mutants Unravels Lipid Metabolisms in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 145, 2013, pp.108–15.
58. Xue J, Niu YF, Huang T, Yang WD, Liu JS, and Li HY. Genetic Improvement of the Microalga Phaeodactylum Tricornutum for Boosting Neutral Lipid Accumulation, Metab. Eng., Vol. 27, 2015, pp.1–9.