Comparative Assessment of Biogas Production Potential of the Most Abundant Agro-residues in Turkey

Öz

Recent energy policies promote energy generations from green resources to meet sustainability criteria. Since Turkey is one of the largest agricultural producers globally, it has great biogas production potential. This study aims to evaluate the biomethane yields of the most abundant agro-residues in Turkey and to assess their potentials for contribution to biogas production. Within this scope, sunflower heads, tea residues, cotton stalks, and crop residues; wheat, rye, and triticale straws were collected from different regions of Turkey. Anaerobic batch digesters were conducted to investigate the biomethane production of the selected feedstock and operated for 30 days at 37°C. Each setup was conducted in triplicates and methane productions were monitored online. The main methane production route of the inoculum was determined as acetoclastic methanogenesis while Cloacimonetes, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes composed the core bacterial phyla. The greatest methane yield was observed in the digesters operated with the wheat straw followed (164 NmL/gVSinfluent) by triticale straw and sunflower head. The lowest yields were calculated for the digesters fed with the cotton stalks (71 NmL/gVSinfluent). To increase the biomethane potential yields in the anaerobic digesters operated with agro-residues and to make the anaerobic digesters more feasible, operational conditions should be optimized and physico-chemical and biological pre-treatment techniques and/or bioaugmentation applications should be integrated into the systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agricultural residues
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Biomethane
• Renewable Energy
• Waste Management

Türkiye'deki Yaygın Tarımsal Atıların Biyogaz Üretim Potansiyelinin Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Günümüzdeki enerji politikaları, sürdürülebilirlik kriterlerinin sağlanması yeşil kaynaklardan enerji üretimini teşvik etmektedir. Dünyadaki en büyük tarım üreticilerinden biri olan Türkiye, büyük bir biyogaz üretim potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki yaygın tarımsal atıkların biyometan verimlerinin incelenmesi ve biyogaz üretimine katkı potansiyellerini değerlendirilmesi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden substrat olarak değerlendirilmek üzere tahıl atıklarından buğday, çavdar ve tritikale ile ayçiçeği başları, çay artıkları, pamuk sapları toplanmıştır. Seçilen atıkların biyometan üretiminin belirlenmesi için anaerobik çürütücüler kurularak, 30 gün süre ile 37 ° C'de kesikli olarak işletilmiştir. Çürütücü deney setleri üç tekrarlı olarak kurulmuş, metan üretimleri eş zamanlı kaydedilmiştir. Aşı çamurundaki metan üretiminin ağırlıkla asetoklastik metanojenik yolağı izlediği belirlenirken, bakteriyel komünite Cloacimonetes, Firmicutes ve Bacteroidetes türlerinden oluşmuştur. En yüksek metan verimi buğday samanı ile işletilen çürütücülerde gözlenirken (164 NmL/gUKMgiriş), bunu tritikale samanı ile ayçiçeği başları izlemiştir. En düşük biyometan verimi pamuk sapları ile işletilen çürütücülerde kaydedilmiştir (71 NmL/gUKMgiriş). Tarımsal atıklarla işletilen çürütücülerde biyometan potansiyel verimlerini artırmak ve anaerobik çürütücüleri daha uygulanabilir hale getirmek için, işletme koşulları optimize edilmeli ve fiziko-kimyasal ve biyolojik ön arıtma teknikleri ve / veya biyoaugmentasyon uygulamaları sistemlere entegre edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarımsal atık
• Anaerobik Çürütme
• Biyometan
• Yenilenebilir Enerji
• Atık Yönetimi

Kaynakça

1. Chatalova, L., Balmann, A. 2017. The hidden costs of renewables promotion: The case of crop-based biogas, Journal of Cleaner Production, 168, 893–903. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.031
2. Meyer, A.K.P., Ehimen, E.A., Holm-Nielsen, J.B. 2018. Future European biogas: Animal manure, straw and grass potentials for a sustainable European biogas production, Biomass and Bioenergy, 111, 154–164. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.05.013
3. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2014. National renewable energy action plan for Turkey, Ankara: NREAP.
4. Lora Grando, R., de Souza Antune, A.M., da Fonseca, F.V., Sánchez, A., Barrena, R., Font, X. 2017. Technology overview of biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants: A European evaluation of research and development, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 44–53. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.079
5. Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.F., Fahl, F. 2018. Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe, Renewable Energy, 129, 457–472. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.006.
6. Curto, D., Martín, M. 2019. Renewable based biogas upgrading, Journal of Cleaner Production, 224, 50–59. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.176
7. Holm-Nielsen, J.B., Al Seadi, T., Oleskowicz-Popiel, P. 2009. The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization, Bioresource Technology, 100, 5478–5484. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046
8. Korberg, A.D., Skov, I.R., Mathiesen, B.V. 2020. The role of biogas and biogas-derived fuels in a 100% renewable energy system in Denmark, Energy, 199, 117426. DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2020.117426

9. Ozbayram, E.G., Kleinsteuber, S., Nikolausz, M., Ince, B., Ince, O. 2017. Effect of bioaugmentation by cellulolytic bacteria enriched from sheep rumen on methane production from wheat straw, Anaerobe, 46, 122-130. DOI:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.013
10. OECD 2011. Evaluation of agricultural policy reforms in Turkey.
11. FAO, 2016. BEFS Assessment for Turkey: Sustainable bioenergy options from crop and livestock residues.
12. APHA/AWWA/WEF, 2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Standard Methods, 541. DOI:ISBN 9780875532356
13. Ince, O., Akyol, Ç., Ozbayram, E.G., Tutal, B., Ince, B. 2020. Enhancing methane production from anaerobic co-digestion of cow manure and barley: Link between process parameters and microbial community dynamics, Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 39, 13292. DOI:10.1002/ep.13292
14. Ozbayram, E.G., Kleinsteuber, S., Nikolausz, M., Ince, B., Ince, O. 2018. Bioaugmentation of anaerobic digesters treating lignocellulosic feedstock by enriched microbial consortia. Engineering in Life Sciences, 18, 440–446. DOI:10.1002/elsc.201700199
15. Zhang, H., Ning, Z., Khalid, H., Zhang, R., Liu, G., Chen, C. 2018. Enhancement of methane production from Cotton Stalk using different pretreatment techniques, Scientific Reports, 8, 1–9. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-21413-x
16. Zhurka, M., Spyridonidis, A., Vasiliadou, I.A., Stamatelatou, K. 2020. Biogas production from sunflower head and stalk residues: Effect of alkaline pretreatment, Molecules, 25, 164. DOI:10.3390/molecules25010164
17. Yi, J., Dong, B., Jin, J., Dai, X. 2014. Effect of increasing total solids contents on anaerobic digestion of food waste under mesophilic conditions: Performance and microbial characteristics analysis, PLoS One, 9. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0102548
18. Liang, B., Wang, L.Y., Mbadinga, S.M., Liu, J.F., Yang, S.Z., Gu, J.D., Mu, B.Z. 2015. Anaerolineaceae and Methanosaeta turned to be the dominant microorganisms in alkanes-dependent methanogenic culture after long-term of incubation, AMB Express, 5. DOI:10.1186/s13568-015-0117-4
19. Williams, J., Williams, H., Dinsdale, R., Guwy, A., Esteves, S. 2013. Monitoring methanogenic population dynamics in a full-scale anaerobic digester to facilitate operational management, Bioresource Technology, 140, 234–242. DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.089
20. Akyol, Ç., Ince, O., Bozan, M., Ozbayram, E.G., Ince, B. 2019. Biological pretreatment with Trametes versicolor to enhance methane production from lignocellulosic biomass: A metagenomic approach, Industrial Crops and Products, 140. DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111659
21. DBFZ, 2011. Assessment of actual framework conditions and potentials for Biogas investments in Turkey.