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Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Pollution in Different Soil Uses: Spring Season

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 63, 805 - 817, 20.09.2019

Gizem Eker Şanlı , Sabriye Sivri

https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216311

Öz



In
this study, the concentration and species distribution of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soils of olive groves in 7 different regions of
Bursa were investigated and toxicity risk assessments were performed. Soil
samples extracted by ultrasonic method and PAH concentrations were measured
by GC-MS. PAH pollution has been shown to have a large regional release
(2-2452 ng / g KM). The regions with the least and highest ∑12 PAH pollution
in the soils are the Mudanya Yörükali (MY) and Gemlik Campus (GK) regions
that their concentrations are measured as 2 ng / g KM and 2452 ng / g KM,
respectively. It is concluded that GK and MK are exposed to high PAH
contamination due to the regions where industrial, residential and
traffic-intensive regions are located. The low level of PAH contamination in
the MY region is thought to be due to the fact that this region is a rural
area away from pollutant sources. According to the regions, the distribution
of the ring was evaluated as 3 rings, 4 people and 5-6 rings. 87.3% of PAHs
in GK region consisted of 4 rings. In general, 4-ring PAH species were
dominant in sampling regions. The ∑12 BAPeq value ranges from 0.2 to 149.4 ng
/ g KM and the highest value is measured in the GK region. Risk assessment
was performed for PADs. ∑7 PAH cancer risk (CR) for GK region was measured in
the range of 3.39E-04-159E-0.3. 
Non-carcinogenic risk hazard coefficient (HQ) has been observed that
changed in the 0-0.14 range. It has been determined that PAH pollution has a
large regional release.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Soil Pollution PAHs Ring Distributions Toxicity Risk Assessments

Kaynakça

  • [1] Karakaş D., Pekey B., Karakoç F.T., Tolun L., Morkoç E., Tüfekçi H., Yakupoğlu G., H., Y., 2004. İzmit Körfezine Giren Kansorejenik, Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH): Kaynak ve Seviye tespiti, TÜBİTAK Proje No: YDABAG-101Y111.
  • [2] Gaga, E., O., 2004, Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Deposition in Ankara. DTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • [3] N-Poppi, N., Santiago-Silva, M. 2005. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Selected Organic Compounds in Ambient Air of Campo Grande City, Brazil, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt.39,s.2839-2850, doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo senv. 2004.10.006
  • [4] IPCS, 1998. Selected Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Environmental Health Criteria 202, International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva.
  • [5] ASTDR, 1995. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta (GA): Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, USA.
  • [6] Walker, C., H., 2001. Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. CRC Press, New York.
  • [7] Villanneau, E., Saby, N., Orton, T., Jolivet, C., Boulonne, L., Caria, G., Barriuso, E., Bispo, A., Briand, O., Arrouays, D. 2013. First Evidence of Large-scale PAH Trends in French Soils, Environmental Chemistry Letters,Cilt.11, s.99–104, doi 10.1007/s10311-013-0401-y
  • [8] Ene, A., Bogdevich, O., Sion, A. 2012. Levels and Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Topsoils from Se Romania, Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.439,s.76-86, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.004
  • [9] Falay, E.O., Tuna, G., Altiok, H., Kara, M., Dumanoglu, Y., Bayram, A., Tolunay, D., Elbir, T.,M.O 2013. Spatial Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Air, Soil and Tree Components in Iskenderun Industrial Region, Turkey. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), 263-267
  • [10] Karaca G. Determination of PAHs levels in the treatmentsludge, Nılufer Creek sediment and investigation ofremoval methods, Uudağ üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü . Doktora Tezi, Bursa.
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  • [12] Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Lv, J., Li, A., Liu, H., Li, G., Jiang, G. 2007. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers And OCPs in Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants in China, Chemosphere, Cilt.68, s.1683-1691. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03. 060
  • [13] Salihoğlu, N.K., Karaca, G., Salihoğlu, G., Taşdemir, Y. 2012. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hhydrocarbons (PAHs) from Municipal Sludge using UV Light. Desalination of Water Treatment, Cilt.44, s.324-333, doi: 10/5004/dwt.2012.2784
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  • [19] Wilcke, W., Müler, S., Kanchanakool, N., Niamskul, C., Zech, W. 1999. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hydromorphic Soils of the Tropical Metropolis Bangkok, Geoderma, Cilt. 91, s.,297-309, doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00012-9
  • [20] Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. 2008. Atmospheric Concentrations, Dry Deposition and Air-Soil Exchange of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in An Industrial Region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Material, Cilt. 153, s.1093–1102. DOI:10.1016 /j.jhazmat.2007.09.064
  • [21] Yu, B.B., Xie, X.J., Ma, L.Q., Kan, H., Zhou, Q.X. 2014. Source, Distribution, and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Dust From Tianjin, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Cilt.21, s.2817-2825. DOI 10.1007/s11356-013-2190-z
  • [22] Orecciho, S. 2010. Contamination from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of a Botanic Garden Localized Next to a Former Manufacturing Gas Plant, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt.15, s.590-601, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.074.
  • [23] Wang, Y., Tian., Zhu, H., Cheng, Z., Kang, M. Luo, C.,Li, J., Zhang, G. 2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils and Vegetation Near An E-Waste Recycling Site in South China: Concentration, Distribution, Source, and Risk Assessment. Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.439, s.187–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.018
  • [24] Bortey-Sam, N., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M., Akoto, O., Yohannes, Y.B., Baidoo, E., Mizukawa, H., Ishizuka, M. 2014. Occurrence, Distribution, Sources and Toxic Potential of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Soils From the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.496, s.471-478. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.071
  • [25] Zhang, Y.J., Wang, J., Ge, Z.G., Guo, G.L., Gao, S.M. 2014. Survey of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jiaxing City, China. Environmental Earth and Science, Cilt.71, s.1095-1103. DOI 10.1007/s12665-013-2513-x
  • [26] Jensen, H., Reimann, C., Finne, T.E., Ottesen, R.T., Arnoldussen, A. 2007. PAH-Concentrations and Compositions in the Top 2 cm of Forest Soils Along A 120 km Long Transect Through Agricultural Areas, Forests And The City Of Oslo, Norway. Environmental Polluttion, Cilt.145, s.829-838.doi:DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.008
  • [27] Choi, S.D. 2014. Time Trends in the Levels and Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) İn Pine Bark, Litter, and Soil After A Forest Fire. Science of the Total Environment,Cilt.470,s.1441-1449.DOI:10.1016 /j.scitotenv. 2013.07.100
  • [28] Yang, Y., Zhang, X.X., Korenaga, T. 2002. Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of Tokushima, Japan. Water Air Soil Pollution, Cilt.138, s.51-60. doi:Doi 10.1023/A:1015517504636
  • [29] Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L. 2004. Levels of PAHs in Soil and Vegetation Samples from Tarragona County, Spain. Environmental Pollution, Cilt.132, s.1-11. doi:DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003
  • [30] Earl, N., Cartwright, C..D., Horrocks, S.J., Worboys, M., Swift, S., Kirton, J.A., Askan, A.U., Kelleher, H., D.J. N. 2003. Review of the Fate and Transport of Selected Contaminants in the Soil Environment Draft, Technical Report P5-079/TR1.
  • [31] Crepineau-Ducoulombier, C., Rychen, G. 2003. Assessment of Soil and Grass Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contamination Levels in Agricultural Fields Located Near a Motorway and an Airport. Agronomie, Cilt. 23, s.:345-348. doi:10.1051/agro:2003007
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Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 63, 805 - 817, 20.09.2019

Gizem Eker Şanlı , Sabriye Sivri

https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216311

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Bursa’nın 7 farklı bölgesinde yer alan
zeytinlik arazilerinde topraklardaki polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların
(PAH’ların) konsantrasyonları, tür dağılımları incelenmiş ve toksisite risk
değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Önemli bir sanayi ve tarım kenti olan Bursa’da
zeytinlik arazi topraklarında PAH kirlilik seviyesinin bölgesel değişiminin
ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Toprak örnekleri ultrasonik yöntemle ekstrakte edilmiş
ve PAH konsantrasyonları GC-MS ile ölçülmüştür. PAH kirliliğinin bölgesel
olarak büyük bir salınım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir (2-2452 ng/g KM).
Topraklardaki ∑12 PAH kirliliğinin en az ve en fazla olduğu bölgeler sırasıyla
Mudanya Yörükali (MY) ve Gemlik Kampüs (GK) bölgeleri olup konsantrasyonları 2
ng/g KM ve 2452 ng/g KM olarak ölçülmüştür. GK ve MK, bölgelerinin sanayi,
yerleşim ve trafiğin yoğun olduğu bölgeler olması sebebiyle yüksek PAH
kirlenmesine maruz kaldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. MY bölgesinde PAH kirliliğinin
çok düşük seviyede olmasının, bu bölgenin kirletici kaynaklardan uzak ve kırsal
bir bölge olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bölgelere göre halka
dağılımları 3 halkalılar, 4halkalılar ve 5-6 halkalılar olarak
değerlendirilmiştir. GK bölgesinde PAH’ların % 87,3’ü 4 halkalılardan oluşmuştur.
Genel olarak örnekleme bölgelerinde 4 halkalı PAH türlerinin baskın olduğu
görülmüştür. ∑12 BAPeq  değeri 0,2- 149,4
ng/g KM arasında değişmekte olup en yüksek değer GK bölgesinde ölçülmüştür.
PAH’lar için risk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. GK bölgesi için ∑7 PAH kanser
risk (CR) değeri 3,39E-04-159E-0,3 aralığında ölçülmüştür. Kanserojen olmayan
risk tehlike katsayısı (HQ) 0-0,14 aralığında değiştiği gözlenmiştir.  PAH kirliliğinin bölgesel olarak büyük bir
salınım gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

PAH Toprak kirliliği PAH halka dağılımları Toksisite ve Risk Değerlendirmeleri

Kaynakça

  • [1] Karakaş D., Pekey B., Karakoç F.T., Tolun L., Morkoç E., Tüfekçi H., Yakupoğlu G., H., Y., 2004. İzmit Körfezine Giren Kansorejenik, Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH): Kaynak ve Seviye tespiti, TÜBİTAK Proje No: YDABAG-101Y111.
  • [2] Gaga, E., O., 2004, Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Deposition in Ankara. DTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • [3] N-Poppi, N., Santiago-Silva, M. 2005. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Selected Organic Compounds in Ambient Air of Campo Grande City, Brazil, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt.39,s.2839-2850, doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo senv. 2004.10.006
  • [4] IPCS, 1998. Selected Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Environmental Health Criteria 202, International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO, Geneva.
  • [5] ASTDR, 1995. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta (GA): Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, USA.
  • [6] Walker, C., H., 2001. Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. CRC Press, New York.
  • [7] Villanneau, E., Saby, N., Orton, T., Jolivet, C., Boulonne, L., Caria, G., Barriuso, E., Bispo, A., Briand, O., Arrouays, D. 2013. First Evidence of Large-scale PAH Trends in French Soils, Environmental Chemistry Letters,Cilt.11, s.99–104, doi 10.1007/s10311-013-0401-y
  • [8] Ene, A., Bogdevich, O., Sion, A. 2012. Levels and Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Topsoils from Se Romania, Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.439,s.76-86, doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.004
  • [9] Falay, E.O., Tuna, G., Altiok, H., Kara, M., Dumanoglu, Y., Bayram, A., Tolunay, D., Elbir, T.,M.O 2013. Spatial Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Air, Soil and Tree Components in Iskenderun Industrial Region, Turkey. International Journal of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Sciences (IJCEBS), 263-267
  • [10] Karaca G. Determination of PAHs levels in the treatmentsludge, Nılufer Creek sediment and investigation ofremoval methods, Uudağ üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü . Doktora Tezi, Bursa.
  • [11] Salihoğlu, K., Salihoğlu, G., Taşdemir, Y., Cindoruk, S.S., Yolsal, D., Ogulmus, R., Karaca, G. 2010. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Levels in Sludges from Municipal and ındustrial Wastewater Treatment Plants. Archieves of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Cilt.58, s.523–534,doi: 10.1007/s00244-009-9389-5
  • [12] Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Lv, J., Li, A., Liu, H., Li, G., Jiang, G. 2007. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers And OCPs in Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants in China, Chemosphere, Cilt.68, s.1683-1691. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03. 060
  • [13] Salihoğlu, N.K., Karaca, G., Salihoğlu, G., Taşdemir, Y. 2012. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hhydrocarbons (PAHs) from Municipal Sludge using UV Light. Desalination of Water Treatment, Cilt.44, s.324-333, doi: 10/5004/dwt.2012.2784
  • [14] TKKY, 2010, Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynakli Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete Tarihi: 08.06.2010 Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 27605
  • [15] Wang, S., Ni, H.G., Sun, J.L., Jing, X., He, J.S. and Zeng, H. , 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Tibetan Plateau, China: distribution and influence of environmental factors, Environmentla Science: Processes Impacts, 15,661-667,DOI: 10.1039/C2EM30856H
  • [16] Ortiz, R., Vega, S., Gutierrez, R., Gibson, R., Schettino, B., Ramirez, M.D. 2012. Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Top Soils from Rural Terrains in Mexico City. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Cilt.88, s.:428-432. DOI 10.1007/s00128-011-0434-5.
  • [17] Kıstaubayeva, A. 2015. PAH ve OCP Bileşiklerinin Toprak Ortamında Mekânsal Dağılımının Belirlenmesi ve Hava-Toprak Fazı Geçişlerinin Araştırılması. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü .Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • [18] Ray, S., Khillare, P.S., Agarwal, T., Shridhar, V. 2008. Assessment of PAHs in Soil Around the International Airport in Delhi, India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt. 156, s.9-16, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.099
  • [19] Wilcke, W., Müler, S., Kanchanakool, N., Niamskul, C., Zech, W. 1999. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hydromorphic Soils of the Tropical Metropolis Bangkok, Geoderma, Cilt. 91, s.,297-309, doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00012-9
  • [20] Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. 2008. Atmospheric Concentrations, Dry Deposition and Air-Soil Exchange of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in An Industrial Region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Material, Cilt. 153, s.1093–1102. DOI:10.1016 /j.jhazmat.2007.09.064
  • [21] Yu, B.B., Xie, X.J., Ma, L.Q., Kan, H., Zhou, Q.X. 2014. Source, Distribution, and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Dust From Tianjin, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Cilt.21, s.2817-2825. DOI 10.1007/s11356-013-2190-z
  • [22] Orecciho, S. 2010. Contamination from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of a Botanic Garden Localized Next to a Former Manufacturing Gas Plant, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt.15, s.590-601, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.074.
  • [23] Wang, Y., Tian., Zhu, H., Cheng, Z., Kang, M. Luo, C.,Li, J., Zhang, G. 2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils and Vegetation Near An E-Waste Recycling Site in South China: Concentration, Distribution, Source, and Risk Assessment. Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.439, s.187–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.018
  • [24] Bortey-Sam, N., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S.M.M., Akoto, O., Yohannes, Y.B., Baidoo, E., Mizukawa, H., Ishizuka, M. 2014. Occurrence, Distribution, Sources and Toxic Potential of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surface Soils From the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. Science of the Total Environment, Cilt.496, s.471-478. DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.071
  • [25] Zhang, Y.J., Wang, J., Ge, Z.G., Guo, G.L., Gao, S.M. 2014. Survey of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jiaxing City, China. Environmental Earth and Science, Cilt.71, s.1095-1103. DOI 10.1007/s12665-013-2513-x
  • [26] Jensen, H., Reimann, C., Finne, T.E., Ottesen, R.T., Arnoldussen, A. 2007. PAH-Concentrations and Compositions in the Top 2 cm of Forest Soils Along A 120 km Long Transect Through Agricultural Areas, Forests And The City Of Oslo, Norway. Environmental Polluttion, Cilt.145, s.829-838.doi:DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.008
  • [27] Choi, S.D. 2014. Time Trends in the Levels and Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) İn Pine Bark, Litter, and Soil After A Forest Fire. Science of the Total Environment,Cilt.470,s.1441-1449.DOI:10.1016 /j.scitotenv. 2013.07.100
  • [28] Yang, Y., Zhang, X.X., Korenaga, T. 2002. Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of Tokushima, Japan. Water Air Soil Pollution, Cilt.138, s.51-60. doi:Doi 10.1023/A:1015517504636
  • [29] Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L. 2004. Levels of PAHs in Soil and Vegetation Samples from Tarragona County, Spain. Environmental Pollution, Cilt.132, s.1-11. doi:DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003
  • [30] Earl, N., Cartwright, C..D., Horrocks, S.J., Worboys, M., Swift, S., Kirton, J.A., Askan, A.U., Kelleher, H., D.J. N. 2003. Review of the Fate and Transport of Selected Contaminants in the Soil Environment Draft, Technical Report P5-079/TR1.
  • [31] Crepineau-Ducoulombier, C., Rychen, G. 2003. Assessment of Soil and Grass Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contamination Levels in Agricultural Fields Located Near a Motorway and an Airport. Agronomie, Cilt. 23, s.:345-348. doi:10.1051/agro:2003007
  • [32] Gülçiçek, G. 2011. Topraktaki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH) İçin Sınır Değerlerin Uygulanabilirliğinin Araştırılması”. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • [33] Karacik, B., Okay, O.S., Henkelmann, B., Bernhoft, S., Schramm, K.W. 2009. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Effects on Marine Organisms in the Istanbul Strait. Environment International, Cilt.35, s.:599-606. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.005
  • [34] Garcia, R., Diaz-Somoano, M., Calvo, M., Lopez-Anton, M.A., Suarez, S., Ruiz, I.S., Martinez-Tarazona, M.R. 2012. Impact of a Semi-Industrial Coke Processing Plant in the Surrounding Surface Soil. Part II: PAH Content. Fuel Process Technology, Cilt.104, s.245-252. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.05.018
  • [35] Tsai, P.J., Shih, T.S., Chen, H.L., Lee, W.J., Lai, C.H., Liou, S.H. 2004. Assessing And Predicting the Exposures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Carcinogenic Potencies From Vehicle Engine Exhausts To Highway Toll Station Workers. Atmospheric Environment, Cilt.38, s.33-343. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.038
  • [36] Collins, J.F., Brown, J.P., Alexeeff, G.V., Salmon, A.G. 1998. Potency Equivalency Factors for Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hhydrocarbon Derivatives. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Cilt.28, s.45-54. DOI 10.1006/rtph.1998.1235
  • [37] Jones, K.C., Stratford, J.A., Waterhouse, K.S., Vogt, N.B. 1989. Organic Contaminants in Welsh Soils - Polynuclear Aromatic-Hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology,Cilt.23, s.540-550. Doi 10.1021/Es00063a005
  • [38] CCME- Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment, 2008. Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental And Human Health:Carcinogenic And Other PAHs, in: In Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, Canadian Coucil of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
  • [39] Fu, X.W., Li, T.Y. Ji,L.,i Wang, L.L., Zheng,L.V., Wang,J.N., Zhang, Q. 2018. Occurrence, Sources and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils Around Oil Wells in the Border Regions Between Oil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,Cilt.157,s.276-284.https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ecoenv.2018.03.054
  • [40] EPA-Environmetnal Protection Agency, 2011. Integrated Risk Information System 〈https:// www.epa.gov/iris〉
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gizem Eker Şanlı 0000-0002-7175-2942

Sabriye Sivri Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3472-6806

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Eker Şanlı, G., & Sivri, S. (2019). Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 21(63), 805-817. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216311
AMA Eker Şanlı G, Sivri S. Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi. DEUFMD. Eylül 2019;21(63):805-817. doi:10.21205/deufmd.2019216311
Chicago Eker Şanlı, Gizem, ve Sabriye Sivri. “Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21, sy. 63 (Eylül 2019): 805-17. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216311.
EndNote Eker Şanlı G, Sivri S (01 Eylül 2019) Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21 63 805–817.
IEEE G. Eker Şanlı ve S. Sivri, “Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi”, DEUFMD, c. 21, sy. 63, ss. 805–817, 2019, doi: 10.21205/deufmd.2019216311.
ISNAD Eker Şanlı, Gizem - Sivri, Sabriye. “Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21/63 (Eylül 2019), 805-817. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216311.
JAMA Eker Şanlı G, Sivri S. Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi. DEUFMD. 2019;21:805–817.
MLA Eker Şanlı, Gizem ve Sabriye Sivri. “Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 21, sy. 63, 2019, ss. 805-17, doi:10.21205/deufmd.2019216311.
Vancouver Eker Şanlı G, Sivri S. Farklı Toprak Kullanım Alanlarında Poliaromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Kirliliği: İlkbahar Mevsimi. DEUFMD. 2019;21(63):805-17.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Dekanlığı Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi, Adatepe Mah. Doğuş Cad. No: 207-I / 35390 Buca-İZMİR.