Trend Analysis of SPI and PNI Drought Indices in Samsun City
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 64, 107 - 116, 24.01.2020
Neslihan Beden
,
Vahdettin Demir
,
Aslı Ülke Keskin
Öz
Drought
is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways.
Droughts are an inevitable consequence of meteorological variability, and the
design of water resource infrastructure and management strategies to mitigate
their effects requires assessment of the risk. The identification, monitoring
and characterization of droughts are of great importance in water resources
planning and management. One of the methods used to determine drought is the drought
indexes with the help of precipitation values. In this study, Samsun
Meteorological Observation Station (17030-MOS) analyzed the drought analysis
in two stages using the total precipitation values (mm) recorded between
1960-2015. First stage drought indices; Standardized Rainfall Index (SPI) and
Normal Percentage Index (PNI) values were found. Examining the behavior of
index values in the past and predicting how future behavior will be is
important for determining long-term drought. For this purpose, the trend
analysis of the index values obtained in the second phase of the study was
examined using the Mann-Kendall method. When the results of the first stage
were examined, both normal and normal drought symptoms were encountered. In
the second step, it was determined that the index values tended to increase
directions according to both methods. However, this trend was determined not
to be statistically significant.
|
Kaynakça
- Efe, B., Özgür, E. 2014. Standart Yağış İndeksi (SPI) ve Normalin Yüzdesi Metodu (PNI) ile Konya ve Çevresinin Kuraklık Analizi, II. Uluslararası Katılımlı Kuraklık ve Çölleşme Sempozyumu, 16 - 18 Eylül, Konya,1–6.
- Solomon, S., Qin, D., 2007. Summary for Policymakers, in Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, cilt. 53(9), s 1–30.
- Anonim, 2018. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ulkede-asiri-sicaktan-167-kisi-oldu-dunya-2453932/. (Erişim Tarihi: 29-08-2018).
- Anonim, 2015.http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/24998660/%3C . (Erişim Tarihi: 15-12-2015).
- Jenkins, K., Warren, R., 20125. Quantifying the impact of climate change on drought regimes using the Standardised Precipitation Index, Theor. Appl. Climatol., Cilt. 120, no. 1–2, s. 41–54.
- Osuch, M., Romanowicz, R. J., Lawrence, D., Wong, W. K. 2016. Trends in projections of standardized precipitation indices in a future climate in Poland, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., Cilt. 20, no. 5, s. 1947–1969.
- Wang, H., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., ve Ye, Z., 2017. Linear trend and abrupt changes of climate indices in the arid region of northwestern China, Atmos. Res., cilt. 196, s 108–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.008
- Kaczmarek, V., Strzepek Z., Somlyody, K. M., Priazhinskaya, L., 1996. Water Resources Management in the Face of Climatic. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:/Hydrologic Uncertainties, Water science and technology library, Kluwer Academic Publisher, London, 397s.
- Alexander L. V. vd., 2006. Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., Cilt. 111, no. 5, s. 1–22. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006290
- Bartholy, J., Pongracz, R. 2007. Regional analysis of extreme temperature and precipitation indices for the Carpathian Basin from 1946 to 2001, Glob. Planet. Change, Cilt. 57, no. 1–2, s. 83–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.002
- Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Dobrovolný, P., Chromá, K., Hlavinka, P. Zcaron Z., 2009. Variability of droughts in the Czech Republic, 1881-2006, Theor. Appl. Climatol., Cilt. 97, no. 3–4, s. 297–315. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-008-0065-x
- Kiktev, D. B., Caesar, J. Alexander, L. 2009. Temperature and precipitation extremes in the second half of the twentieth century from numerical modeling results and observational data, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., Cilt. 45, no. 3, s. 284–293. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433809030025
- Somorowska, U., 2009. Increase in the hydrological drought risk in different geographical regions of Poland in the 20th century,” Prace i Studia Geograficzne, 43, 97–114.
- Dai, A., 2011. Drought under global warming: A review, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang., Cilt. 2, no. 1, s. 45–65. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81
- Seneviratne, C. M., vd., 2012. Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural, A Special. Cambridge, UK and New York , USA: Cambridge University Press, New York, 290s.
- IPCC, 2019. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, in: A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 08-01-2019).
- IPCC 2019, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, in: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/(Erişim Tarihi: 08-01-2019).
- Keskin, A. Ü., Beden, N., Demir, V., 2018. Analysis of Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Trends of Climatic Data: A Case Study of Samsun, E-Journal New World Sci. Acad., Cilt. 13, no. 3, s. 51–70.
- Tatli, H. 2014. Statistical complexity in daily precipitation of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis over the Mediterranean Basin, Int. J. Climatol., Cilt. 34, no. 1, s. 155–161. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3673
- Mckee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., Kleist, J., 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales, AMS 8th Conf. Appl. Climatol., 17-22.Ocak.1993, California, 179–184.
- Willeke, G., Hosking, J. R. M., Wallis, J. R., Guttman, N. B., 1994. The National Drought Atlas, Institute for Water Resources Report 94–NDS–4, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, 587s.
- Mann, H. B., 1945. Nonparametric Tests Against Trend, Econometrica, Cilt. 13, no. 3, s. 245–259. DOI: 10.2307/1907187
- Kendall, M. G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin, London, 271s.
- Yue, S., Pilon, P., Cavadias, G., 2002. Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, J. Hydrol., Cilt. 259, no. 1–4, s. 254–271. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00594-7
- Ülke, A., Uslu, A., Beden, N., 2013. Samsun Şehir Taşkınlarının Kronolojisi, 2012 Yılı Samsun Taşkını, Taşkın ve Heyelan Sempozyumu, Trabzon, 555-564.
- Ulke, A., Beden, N., Demir, V., Menek, N., 2017. Numerical modeling of Samsun Mert River floods,” EWRA Publ., Cilt. 57, s. 27–34.
Samsun İlinde SPI ve PNI Kuraklık İndekslerinin Eğilim Analizi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 64, 107 - 116, 24.01.2020
Neslihan Beden
,
Vahdettin Demir
,
Aslı Ülke Keskin
Öz
Kuraklık
ekosistemleri ve toplumu birçok yönden etkileyen karmaşık bir doğal tehlikedir.
Meteorolojik değişkenliğin bir sonucu olan kuraklığın etkilerini hafifletmek
için su kaynakları yönetim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve kuraklık riskinin
değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Su kaynaklarının planlamasında ve yönetiminde
kuraklıkların tanımlanması, izlenmesi ve karakterizasyonu büyük önem
taşımaktadır. Kuraklığın belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden biri yağış
değerleri yardımıyla bulunan kuraklık indeksleridir. Bu çalışmada, Samsun ili
Meteoroloji Gözlem İstasyonu (17030-MGİ) 1960-2015 yılları arası kaydedilen aylık
toplam yağış değerleri (mm) kullanılarak kuraklık analizi iki aşamada
incelenmiştir. İlk aşamada kuraklık indekslerinden; Standart Yağış İndeksi
(SPI) ve Normalin Yüzdesi İndeksi (PNI) değerleri bulunmuştur. İndeks
değerlerinin geçmişteki davranışını inceleyip, gelecekteki davranışının nasıl
olacağını tahmin etme, uzun süreli kuraklığın tespit edilmesi için önemlidir.
Bu amaçla da çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında, elde edilen indeks değerlerine eğilim
analizi (Mann-Kendall yöntemi) uygulanmıştır. İlk aşamanın sonuçları
incelendiğinde, her iki yönteme göre de normal ve normale yakın kuraklık
belirtisine rastlanmıştır. İkinci aşamada, her iki yönteme göre de indeks
değerlerinin artan yönde eğilim gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Fakat bu eğilimin
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Efe, B., Özgür, E. 2014. Standart Yağış İndeksi (SPI) ve Normalin Yüzdesi Metodu (PNI) ile Konya ve Çevresinin Kuraklık Analizi, II. Uluslararası Katılımlı Kuraklık ve Çölleşme Sempozyumu, 16 - 18 Eylül, Konya,1–6.
- Solomon, S., Qin, D., 2007. Summary for Policymakers, in Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, cilt. 53(9), s 1–30.
- Anonim, 2018. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/ulkede-asiri-sicaktan-167-kisi-oldu-dunya-2453932/. (Erişim Tarihi: 29-08-2018).
- Anonim, 2015.http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/24998660/%3C . (Erişim Tarihi: 15-12-2015).
- Jenkins, K., Warren, R., 20125. Quantifying the impact of climate change on drought regimes using the Standardised Precipitation Index, Theor. Appl. Climatol., Cilt. 120, no. 1–2, s. 41–54.
- Osuch, M., Romanowicz, R. J., Lawrence, D., Wong, W. K. 2016. Trends in projections of standardized precipitation indices in a future climate in Poland, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., Cilt. 20, no. 5, s. 1947–1969.
- Wang, H., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., ve Ye, Z., 2017. Linear trend and abrupt changes of climate indices in the arid region of northwestern China, Atmos. Res., cilt. 196, s 108–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.008
- Kaczmarek, V., Strzepek Z., Somlyody, K. M., Priazhinskaya, L., 1996. Water Resources Management in the Face of Climatic. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:/Hydrologic Uncertainties, Water science and technology library, Kluwer Academic Publisher, London, 397s.
- Alexander L. V. vd., 2006. Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., Cilt. 111, no. 5, s. 1–22. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006290
- Bartholy, J., Pongracz, R. 2007. Regional analysis of extreme temperature and precipitation indices for the Carpathian Basin from 1946 to 2001, Glob. Planet. Change, Cilt. 57, no. 1–2, s. 83–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.002
- Brázdil, R., Trnka, M., Dobrovolný, P., Chromá, K., Hlavinka, P. Zcaron Z., 2009. Variability of droughts in the Czech Republic, 1881-2006, Theor. Appl. Climatol., Cilt. 97, no. 3–4, s. 297–315. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-008-0065-x
- Kiktev, D. B., Caesar, J. Alexander, L. 2009. Temperature and precipitation extremes in the second half of the twentieth century from numerical modeling results and observational data, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., Cilt. 45, no. 3, s. 284–293. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433809030025
- Somorowska, U., 2009. Increase in the hydrological drought risk in different geographical regions of Poland in the 20th century,” Prace i Studia Geograficzne, 43, 97–114.
- Dai, A., 2011. Drought under global warming: A review, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang., Cilt. 2, no. 1, s. 45–65. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81
- Seneviratne, C. M., vd., 2012. Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural, A Special. Cambridge, UK and New York , USA: Cambridge University Press, New York, 290s.
- IPCC, 2019. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, in: A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 08-01-2019).
- IPCC 2019, Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, in: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/(Erişim Tarihi: 08-01-2019).
- Keskin, A. Ü., Beden, N., Demir, V., 2018. Analysis of Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Trends of Climatic Data: A Case Study of Samsun, E-Journal New World Sci. Acad., Cilt. 13, no. 3, s. 51–70.
- Tatli, H. 2014. Statistical complexity in daily precipitation of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis over the Mediterranean Basin, Int. J. Climatol., Cilt. 34, no. 1, s. 155–161. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3673
- Mckee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., Kleist, J., 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales, AMS 8th Conf. Appl. Climatol., 17-22.Ocak.1993, California, 179–184.
- Willeke, G., Hosking, J. R. M., Wallis, J. R., Guttman, N. B., 1994. The National Drought Atlas, Institute for Water Resources Report 94–NDS–4, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, 587s.
- Mann, H. B., 1945. Nonparametric Tests Against Trend, Econometrica, Cilt. 13, no. 3, s. 245–259. DOI: 10.2307/1907187
- Kendall, M. G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin, London, 271s.
- Yue, S., Pilon, P., Cavadias, G., 2002. Power of the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, J. Hydrol., Cilt. 259, no. 1–4, s. 254–271. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00594-7
- Ülke, A., Uslu, A., Beden, N., 2013. Samsun Şehir Taşkınlarının Kronolojisi, 2012 Yılı Samsun Taşkını, Taşkın ve Heyelan Sempozyumu, Trabzon, 555-564.
- Ulke, A., Beden, N., Demir, V., Menek, N., 2017. Numerical modeling of Samsun Mert River floods,” EWRA Publ., Cilt. 57, s. 27–34.