AMERİKAN ÇALIŞMALARINA DAYALI AFET YÖNETİM MODELLERİ VE YAKLAŞIMLARININ KAPSAMLI BİR İNCELEMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3 , 983 - 1005 , 15.09.2024

Bektaş Sarı

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1464382

https://izlik.org/JA83RP26ZT

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ortaya konulan afet yönetim modellerinin ve yaklaşımlarının kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirmesini yapmaktır. Makalede, Web of Science ve Scopus'ta indekslenen ve döngüsel veya entegre afet yönetim modeli öneren bilimsel çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Yapılan taramalarda “afet yönetim modeli” anahtar kelimesi ile 1920 yılından itibaren çeşitli modeller ve yaklaşımlar öneren çalışmalar seçilmiş ve bu çalışmalar kapsamlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kamu yönetimi, sosyoloji, coğrafya, psikoloji ve sivil savunma gibi çeşitli disiplinler, afet yönetim modellerinin gelişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. 1970'lerden önce Prince (1920), Carr (1932), Powell (1954), Chapman (1962) ve Stoddard (1968) gibi alanın öncüleri afetlerin toplum üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmiş ve afet yönetiminin gelişimine önemli katkılar sunmuşlardır. Döngüsel veya entegre afet yönetimi modelinin ilk olarak Baird ve arkadaşları tarafından 1975 yılında önerildiği görülmektedir. Sonrasında Mitroff ve arkadaşları 1987'de bu konuyu genişleterek reaktif ve proaktif yaklaşımları inceleyip kırılganlık kavramını sürece dâhil etmişlerdir. Takip eden çalışmalarda afet yönetim modelleri kalkınma, ekonomik ilerleme, risk, tehlike ve stratejik planlama gibi başlıkları içererek daha yoğun ve kapsayıcı hale gelmiştir. Ancak afet yönetim modelleri içerisinde, iklim değişikliği, sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri, dirençlilik ve Sendai risk azaltma çerçevesi gibi kritik konuların daha fazla yer alması ihtiyacı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Özellikle Kamu Yönetimi öncülüğünde bu konuların ele alınması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afet , Afet Yönetimi , Afet Yönetim Modelleri , Afet Araştırmaları

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT MODELS AND APPROACHES BASED ON AMERICAN STUDIES

https://izlik.org/JA83RP26ZT

Öz

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the research that has significantly impacted the advancement of disaster management models and approaches since the early 20th century. This review article focuses on scholarly papers indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, which present disaster management models. The selection criteria for these articles were based on their circular models or visual representations of disaster and crisis management from a diverse range of perspectives since 1920. Various disciplines, including public administration, sociology, geography, psychology, and civil defence, have shaped disaster management. Before the 1970s, pioneers in the field, including Prince (1920), Carr (1932), Powell (1954), Chapman (1962), and Stoddard (1968), analysed the impact of disasters on society, and their studies were a significant contribution to the development of disaster management. The circular disaster management model was first introduced by Baird et al. in 1975, focusing on relief-based initiatives. In 1987, Mitroff and fellow researchers delved deeper into the subject, exploring reactive and proactive approaches while integrating the notion of vulnerability. Later models incorporated entitlements such as development, economic progress, risk, hazard, and strategic planning. As time passed, these models grew more extensive and all-encompassing. Nevertheless, disaster management still requires further advancement to tackle crucial challenges like climate change, sustainable development goals, resilience, and the Sendai risk reduction framework. It is recommended that these issues be addressed under the leadership of public administration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disaster , Disaster Management , Disaster Management Models , Disaster Research

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Baird, A., O’Keefe, P., Westgate, K., & Wisner, B. (1975). Towards an explanation and reduction of disaster proneness. In Ocasional Papers (Issue 11). http://www.ilankelman.org/miscellany/BDRU11.pdf
• Barton, A. H. (1970). Communities in disaster : a sociological analysis of collective stress situations. Doubleday Anchor Book.
• Carr, L. J. (1932). Disaster and the sequence-pattern concept of social change. American Journal of Sociology, 38 (2), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1086/216030
• Chapman, D. . (1962). A brief introduction to contemporary disaster research. In G. W. Baker & D. W. Chapman (Eds.), Man and Society in Disaster (pp. 3–22). New York: Basic Books.
• Coetzee, C., & Van Niekerk, D. (2012). Tracking the evolution of the disaster management cycle: A general system theory approach. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 4 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v4i1.54
• Comfort, L. K. (1985). Integrating organizational action in emergency management; strategies for change. Public Administration Review, 45 (Special Issue), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.2307/3135010
• Cuny, F. C. (1998a). Principles of disaster management lesson 1: introduction. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 13 (1), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00033082
• Cuny, F. C. (1998b). Principles of disaster management lesson 2: program planning. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 13 (2), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00033082
• Cyganik, K. A. (2003). Disaster preparedness in virginia hospital center-arlington after sept 11, 2001. Disaster Management and Response, 1 (3), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1540-2487(03)00048-8
• DPLG. (1998). Green paper on disaster management: department of provincial and local government (DPLG) - South Africa. https://www.gov.za/documents/disaster-management-green-paper (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2024)
• Drabek, T. E. (1986). Human system responses to disasters: an inventory of sociological findings. In Social Forces (1st editio, Vol. 66, Issue 4). Springer-Verlag New York Inc. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579446
• Dynes, R. R., Quarantelli, E. L., & Kreps, G. A. (1981). A perspective on disaster planning. In Report Series 11 3rd Edition (Issue 11). http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/1259 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2023)
• FEMA. (2017). National incident management system. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2024(Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024)
• Janis, I. L. (1951). Air war and emotional stress: psychological studies of bombing and civilian defense. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
• Karaman, Z. T. (2017). Afet yönetimine giriş ve Türkiye’de örgütlenme. In Z. T. Karaman & A. Altay (Eds.), Bütünleşik Afet Yönetimi (1st ed., pp. 1–38). Birleşik Matbaacılık.
• Kelly, C. (1998). Simplifying disasters: developing a model for complex non-linear events. Disaster Management: Crisis and Opportunity: Hazard Management and Disaster Preparedness, 25–27.
• Lechat, M. F. (1990). The international decade for natural disaster reduction: background and objectives. Disasters, 14 (1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14677717.1990.tb00967.x
• Manitoba. (2002). Disaster management model for the health sector: guideline for program development. In Manitoba Health Disaster Management (Vol. 1). https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/odm/model.pdf
• McConkey, D. D. (1987). Planning for uncertainty. Business Horizons, 30 (1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(87)90021-8
• McLoughlin, D. (1985). A framework for integrated emergency management. Public Administration Review, 45(Special Issue), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/3135011
• Mileti, D. S., Drabek, T. E., & Hass, E. J. (1975). Human Systems in Extreme Environments. Institute of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Colorado.
• Mitroff, I. I., Shrivastava, P., & Udwadia, F. E. (1987). Effective crisis management. The Academy of Management Executive, 1 (3), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.5465/AME.1987.4275639
• Moe, T. L., & Pathranarakul, P. (2006). An integrated approach to natural disaster management: Public project management and its critical success factors. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 15 (3), 396–413. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560610669882
• National Governors’ Association. (1979). Comprehensive emergency management, a governor’s guide. National Governors' Association Center for Policy Research. (Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2024)
• Neal, D. M. (1997). Reconsidering the phases of disaster. In International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters (Vol. 15, pp. 239–264).
• Nojavan, M., Salehi, E., & Omidvar, B. (2018). Conceptual change of disaster management models: a thematic analysis. Jàmbá - Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10 (1), 1–11. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.4102/ jamba.v10i1.451
• Petak, W. J. (1985). Emergency management : a challenge for public administration. Public Administration Review, 45 (Special Issue), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3134992
• Powell, J. W. (1954). An introduction to the natural history of disaster. Baltimore, Maryland: Psychiatry Institute, University of Maryland. (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2023)
• Prince, S. H. (1920). Catastrophe and social change based upon a sociological study of the halifax disaster. In Columbia University Press. Columbia University.
• Quarantelli, E. L. (1986). Disaster studies: an historical analysis of the influences of basic sociology and applied use on the research done in the last 35 years. In Preliminary Paper (111; Preliminary Paper).(Erişim Tarihi: 09.08.2023)
• Quarantelli, E. L. (1987). Disaster studies: an analysis of the social historical factors affecting the development of research in the area. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 5 (3), 285–310.
• Quarantelli, E. L. (1994). Disaster studies: the consequences of the historical use of a sociological approach in the development of research. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 12 (1), 25–49. http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/19716/1336/Article 264.pdf?sequence=1
• Scanlon, T. J. (1988). Disaster’s little known pioneer: Canada’s samuel henry prince. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 6 (3), 213–232.
• Singleton, J. (2016). Economic and natural disasters since 1900. In Economic and Natural Disasters since 1900. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781782547358 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024)
• Stoddard, E. R. (1968). Conceptual models of human behaviour in disasters. Texas Western Pres.
• Turner, B. A. (1976). The organizational and interorganizational development of disasters. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21 (3), 378–397.
• United Nations. (2016). Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction (Vol. 21184, Issue December). https://www.preventionweb.net/files/50683_oiewgreportenglish.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2024)
• Weichselgartner, J. (2001). Disaster mitigation: the concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention and Management, 10 (2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560110388609
• Williams, H. B. (1954). Fewer disasters, better studied. Journal of Social Issues, 10 (3), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1954.tb01994.x