A BRIEF REVIEW OF IMMIGRANT CHILDREN AND THEIR PLAYS THROUGH ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 347 - 362, 12.11.2018
Duygu Eslek
,
Türkan Yılmaz Irmak
Öz
Migration is a very
important phenomenon changing the whole life of an individual. Especially
children are influenced most from this change. In this review article, migration
is evaluated according to Bronfenbrenner’s theory. After migration, changes are
occurred in Microsystem mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem. Changes in ecological
systems of children and their interactions may effect development of immigrant
children through positively and negatively. This big change in the child’s life
besides influencing their whole development affects their play behavior too. Evaluating
children’ play is important for investigate to effects of migration on child
development and children’ coping with this changes. These behaviors help
children bring explanations to migration, feel in control and as a result
decrease their anxiety. Besides there are a little research about effect of migration
on child development, there are a few research evaluate children’s play after
migration. In this review, studies that examine the play of immigrant children
are reviewed and suggestions are offered for
future studies.
Kaynakça
- Aksel, Ş., Gün, Z., Irmak, T. Y. ve Çengelci, B. (2007). Migration and psychological status of adolescent in Turkey. Adolescence, 42,589-602.
- Aksel, Ş. (2009). Çocuk Suçluluğu ile ilgili psikolojik kuramlar. İçinde Gelişim Psikolojisi Bakış Açısıyla Çocuk Suçluluğu, Ş. Aksel ve T. Yılmaz Irmak (Ed). Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları; İzmir.
- Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 5-34.
- Bilgin, R. (2014). Çatışma ve şi̇ddet ortamında büyüyen çocuklar sorunu. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 135–151.
Bjorck-Akesson, E. M., ve Brodin, J. M. (2005). Diversity of aspects on play in children with profound multiple disabilities. Early Child Development and Care, 175(7-8), 635-646.
- Bozkurt, B. (2015). Milli kimlik inşasinda dünya savaşlarında değişen oyun ve oyuncaklarin işlevi. Uluslarası Oyun ve Oyuncak Kongresi, 7-8 Mayıs, Erzurum.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development. Research paradigms: Present and future. N. Bolger, A. Caspi, G. Downey ve M. Moorehouse (Ed.), Persons in Context: Developmental Processes içinde (s. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Pres.
Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568.
- Cohena, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. ve Rogal, S. (2001). Treatment practices for childhood post traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(1), 123-135.
- Çakır, S. (2011). Geleneksel Türk kültüründe göç ve toplumsal değişme. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1 (24), 129-142.
- Delgado- Gaitan, C. ve Trueba, H. (1991). Crossing cultural borders: Education for immigrant families in America. California: Falmer Yayınları.
- Donnelly, C. L. (2003). Pharmacologic treatment approaches for children and adolescents with post traumatic stress disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 251-269.
- Doğan, A. (2010). Ekoloji̇k si̇stemler kurami çerçevesi̇nde akran zorbaliğinin i̇ncelenmesi̇, Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(3), 149–162.
- Durgel, E. ve Yağmurlu, B. (2014). Türk göçmen ailelerde sosyalleştirme hedefleri ve ana babalık: Okul öncesi döneme detaylı bakış. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17 (34), 3-15.
- Dyregrov, A. (2000). Çocuk, kayıplar ve yas: Yetişkinler için el kitabi. Korkmaz, E.(Ed.). Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları: Ankara.
- Erden, G. ve Gürdil, G. (2009). Savaş yaşantılarının ardından çocuk ve ergenlerde gözlenen travma tepkileri ve psiko-sosyal yardım önerileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 1-13.
- Farver, J. A. M. ve Lee‐Shin, Y. (2000). Acculturation and Korean‐American children’s social and play behavior. Social Development, 9(3), 316-336.
- Gibbons, J., L. (2000). Adolescence in international and cross-cultural perspective: An introduction. International Journal of Group Tensions, 29(1/2), 3-16.
- Goodley, D. ve Runswick‐Cole, K. (2010). Emancipating play: disabled children, development and deconstruction. Disability & Society, 25(4), 499-512.
- Gorman, J. C. (1998). Parenting attitudes and practices of immigrant Chinese mothers of adolescents. Family Relations, 47(1). 73-80.
- Guendelman, S., Schauffler, H. H. ve Pearl, M. (2001). Unfriendly shores: how immigrant children fare in the US health system. Health Affairs, 20(1), 257-266.
- Gün, Z. ve Bayraktar, F. (2008). Türkiye'de iç göçün ergenlerin uyumundaki rolü. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(2), 167-176.
- Gün, Z. (2006). Psikolojide, göç çalışmalarındaki metodolojik problemler ve çözüm önerileri. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 12(38), 27-41.
- Kar, N. (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: Review of assessment and interventions. World Journal of Pediatrics, 5(1), 5-11.
- Kesebir, S. (2011). Psychopathology in forced displacement: A comparison between threegenerations. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 1-6.
- Lay, C. ve Nguyen, T. (1998). The role of acculturation-related and acculturation non-specific daily hassles: Vietnamese-Canadian students and psychological distress. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(3), 172-181.
- Leseman, P. P. ve van den Boom, D. C. (1999). Effects of quantity and quality of Homeproximal processes on Dutch, surinamese Turkish–Dutch pre‐schoolers’ cognitive development. Infant and Child Development, 8(1), 19-38.
- Leyendeckera, B., Jäkel, J., Kademoğlu, S. O. ve Yagmurlu, B. (2011). Parenting practices andpre-schoolers’ cognitive skills in Turkish immigrant and German families. Early Child Development and Care, 181(8), 1095-1110.
- MacMillan, K. K., Ohan, J., Cherian, S. ve Mutch, R. C. (2015). Refugee children's play: Before and after migration to Australia. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 51(1), 771-777.
- Magwaza, A. S. (1994). Migration and psychological status in South African black migrant children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(3), 283-288.
- Moilanen I, Antero M, Hanna E, Varpu P ve Lauri V (1998) Long term outcome of migration in childhood and adolescents. Int J Circumpolar Health, 57: 180-187.
- Moody, J. (2001). Race, school integration, and friendship segregation in America. American Journal of Sociology, 107(3), 679-716.
- Ormanlıoğlu Uluğ, M. (1997). Niçin oyun? Çocuk gelişiminde ve çocuğu tanımada oyunun önemi. Karadağ, D., Selçuk, Y. (Ed.). Göçebe Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development (2009). United Nations, New York, United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2009.
- Öztan, N., Aydın, G., Yananer Eroğlu, Ç. ve Stuvland, R. (2001). Travma sonrası normal tepkiler psikoeğitim el kitabı. 2. Baskı. MEB/ UNICEF Psikososyal Okul Projesi.
- Paat, Y. F. (2013). Working with immigrant children and their families: An application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the SocialEnvironment, 23(8), 954-966.
- Pat-Horenczyk, R., Peled, O., Miron, T., Brom, D., Villa, Y. ve Chemtob, C. M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 66-72.
- Peguero, A. A. (2008). Is immigrant status relevant in school violence research. An analysis with Latin students. Journal of School Health, 78(7), 397-404.
- Pottinger, A. M. (2005). Children's experience of loss by parental migration in inner-cityJamaica. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 485-496.
- Perry, B. D. (2008). Creative interventions and childhood trauma. Içinde: Preface, Malchiodi, C. A(ed.) New York: Guilford Press.
- Portes, A. ve Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. The annals of the American academy of politica land social science, 530(1), 74-96.
- Rogler, R. S. (1994) The immigration experience and mental health. Health and Behavior, 8: 72-84
- Schottelkorb, A. A., Doumas, D. M. ve Garcia, R. (2012). Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: A randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Play Therapy, 21(2), 57-73.
- Skär, L. ve Tamm, M. (2002). Disability and social network. A comparison between children and adolescents with and without restricted mobility. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 4(2), 118-137.
- Smokowski, P. R. (2009). Entre dos mundos/between two worlds: Bicultural development in context. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(1), 421-451.
- Syria Regional Refugee Response. (2015). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224.
- Terr, C. L. (2007). Play therapy with children in crisis. N. B. Webb (Ed.). London: Guilford Press.
- Terr, L. C. (1981). Psychic trauma in children: Observations following the Chowchilla school-bus kidnapping. American journal of Psychiatry, 138(1), 14-19.
- Titzmann, P. F., Raabe, T. ve Silbereisen, R. K. (2008). Risk and protective factors for delinquency among male adolescent immigrants at different stages of the acculturation process. International Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 19-31.
- Türkiye İstatistikleri.(2014). United Nations high commissioner for refugees. http://www.unhcr.org.tr/uploads/root/istatistik_aralik_tr.pdf.
- Yağmurlu, B. ve Sanson, A. (2009). Acculturation and parenting among Turkish mothers in Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 361-380.
- Waters, M. C., Tran, V. C., Kasinitz, P. ve Mollenkopf, J. H. (2010). Segmented assimilation revisited: types of acculturation and socioeconomic mobility in young adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(7), 1168-1193.
- Wilson, W. J. (2012). The truly disadvantaged: The innercity, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
- World Population Policies. (2013). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/wpp2013.pdf
- Zara, A. (2011). Yaşadıkça psikolojik sorunlar ve başa çıkma yolları. (Ed.). İmge Kitapevi Yayınları: Ankara.
EKOLOJİK SİSTEMLER KURAMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE GÖÇMEN ÇOCUKLAR VE OYUNLARI ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 347 - 362, 12.11.2018
Duygu Eslek
,
Türkan Yılmaz Irmak
Öz
Göç kişinin çevresinde oluşturduğu değişimler nedeniyle
insan gelişimi için önem taşıyan bir olgudur. Bu derleme çalışmasında göç
olgusu Bronfenbrenner’ın Ekolojik Sistemler Kuramı’na göre değerlendirilmektedir.
Göç sonucu mikrosistem, mezosistem, ekzosistem ve makrosistemde değişimler
ortaya çıkar ve bu değişimlerle birlikte sistemler arası etkileşimler göçmen
çocuğun gelişimini bazen olumlu bazen de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Çocuk
gelişimini incelemek için önemli alanlardan biri de çocuk oyunlarıdır. Göç deneyiminin
çocuklar üzerindeki etkilerini ve çocukların göç deneyiminin oluşturduğu
değişimin yarattığı stres ile baş etme biçimlerini değerlendirmek için çocuk
oyunlarının incelenmesi önemlidir. Oyunlar, çocukların göç olgusuna açıklama getirmelerini
ve olay üzerinde kontrol sahibi hissederek kaygılarını azaltmalarını sağlar. Literatürde
göç deneyiminin çocuk gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen çalışmalar sınırlı
olmakla birlikte göç sonrası çocuk gelişimini değerlendirmek amacıyla çocuk
oyunlarını inceleyen çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu derleme
çalışmasında göç eden çocukların oyunlarını inceleyen çalışmalar gözden
geçirilerek ilerideki araştırmalar için öneriler sunulmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Aksel, Ş., Gün, Z., Irmak, T. Y. ve Çengelci, B. (2007). Migration and psychological status of adolescent in Turkey. Adolescence, 42,589-602.
- Aksel, Ş. (2009). Çocuk Suçluluğu ile ilgili psikolojik kuramlar. İçinde Gelişim Psikolojisi Bakış Açısıyla Çocuk Suçluluğu, Ş. Aksel ve T. Yılmaz Irmak (Ed). Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları; İzmir.
- Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 5-34.
- Bilgin, R. (2014). Çatışma ve şi̇ddet ortamında büyüyen çocuklar sorunu. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, 135–151.
Bjorck-Akesson, E. M., ve Brodin, J. M. (2005). Diversity of aspects on play in children with profound multiple disabilities. Early Child Development and Care, 175(7-8), 635-646.
- Bozkurt, B. (2015). Milli kimlik inşasinda dünya savaşlarında değişen oyun ve oyuncaklarin işlevi. Uluslarası Oyun ve Oyuncak Kongresi, 7-8 Mayıs, Erzurum.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development. Research paradigms: Present and future. N. Bolger, A. Caspi, G. Downey ve M. Moorehouse (Ed.), Persons in Context: Developmental Processes içinde (s. 25-49). New York: Cambridge University Pres.
Bronfenbrenner, U. ve Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568.
- Cohena, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. ve Rogal, S. (2001). Treatment practices for childhood post traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(1), 123-135.
- Çakır, S. (2011). Geleneksel Türk kültüründe göç ve toplumsal değişme. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1 (24), 129-142.
- Delgado- Gaitan, C. ve Trueba, H. (1991). Crossing cultural borders: Education for immigrant families in America. California: Falmer Yayınları.
- Donnelly, C. L. (2003). Pharmacologic treatment approaches for children and adolescents with post traumatic stress disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12(2), 251-269.
- Doğan, A. (2010). Ekoloji̇k si̇stemler kurami çerçevesi̇nde akran zorbaliğinin i̇ncelenmesi̇, Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(3), 149–162.
- Durgel, E. ve Yağmurlu, B. (2014). Türk göçmen ailelerde sosyalleştirme hedefleri ve ana babalık: Okul öncesi döneme detaylı bakış. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17 (34), 3-15.
- Dyregrov, A. (2000). Çocuk, kayıplar ve yas: Yetişkinler için el kitabi. Korkmaz, E.(Ed.). Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları: Ankara.
- Erden, G. ve Gürdil, G. (2009). Savaş yaşantılarının ardından çocuk ve ergenlerde gözlenen travma tepkileri ve psiko-sosyal yardım önerileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 1-13.
- Farver, J. A. M. ve Lee‐Shin, Y. (2000). Acculturation and Korean‐American children’s social and play behavior. Social Development, 9(3), 316-336.
- Gibbons, J., L. (2000). Adolescence in international and cross-cultural perspective: An introduction. International Journal of Group Tensions, 29(1/2), 3-16.
- Goodley, D. ve Runswick‐Cole, K. (2010). Emancipating play: disabled children, development and deconstruction. Disability & Society, 25(4), 499-512.
- Gorman, J. C. (1998). Parenting attitudes and practices of immigrant Chinese mothers of adolescents. Family Relations, 47(1). 73-80.
- Guendelman, S., Schauffler, H. H. ve Pearl, M. (2001). Unfriendly shores: how immigrant children fare in the US health system. Health Affairs, 20(1), 257-266.
- Gün, Z. ve Bayraktar, F. (2008). Türkiye'de iç göçün ergenlerin uyumundaki rolü. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(2), 167-176.
- Gün, Z. (2006). Psikolojide, göç çalışmalarındaki metodolojik problemler ve çözüm önerileri. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 12(38), 27-41.
- Kar, N. (2009). Psychological impact of disasters on children: Review of assessment and interventions. World Journal of Pediatrics, 5(1), 5-11.
- Kesebir, S. (2011). Psychopathology in forced displacement: A comparison between threegenerations. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 1-6.
- Lay, C. ve Nguyen, T. (1998). The role of acculturation-related and acculturation non-specific daily hassles: Vietnamese-Canadian students and psychological distress. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 30(3), 172-181.
- Leseman, P. P. ve van den Boom, D. C. (1999). Effects of quantity and quality of Homeproximal processes on Dutch, surinamese Turkish–Dutch pre‐schoolers’ cognitive development. Infant and Child Development, 8(1), 19-38.
- Leyendeckera, B., Jäkel, J., Kademoğlu, S. O. ve Yagmurlu, B. (2011). Parenting practices andpre-schoolers’ cognitive skills in Turkish immigrant and German families. Early Child Development and Care, 181(8), 1095-1110.
- MacMillan, K. K., Ohan, J., Cherian, S. ve Mutch, R. C. (2015). Refugee children's play: Before and after migration to Australia. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 51(1), 771-777.
- Magwaza, A. S. (1994). Migration and psychological status in South African black migrant children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155(3), 283-288.
- Moilanen I, Antero M, Hanna E, Varpu P ve Lauri V (1998) Long term outcome of migration in childhood and adolescents. Int J Circumpolar Health, 57: 180-187.
- Moody, J. (2001). Race, school integration, and friendship segregation in America. American Journal of Sociology, 107(3), 679-716.
- Ormanlıoğlu Uluğ, M. (1997). Niçin oyun? Çocuk gelişiminde ve çocuğu tanımada oyunun önemi. Karadağ, D., Selçuk, Y. (Ed.). Göçebe Yayınları. İstanbul.
- Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development (2009). United Nations, New York, United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2009.
- Öztan, N., Aydın, G., Yananer Eroğlu, Ç. ve Stuvland, R. (2001). Travma sonrası normal tepkiler psikoeğitim el kitabı. 2. Baskı. MEB/ UNICEF Psikososyal Okul Projesi.
- Paat, Y. F. (2013). Working with immigrant children and their families: An application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the SocialEnvironment, 23(8), 954-966.
- Pat-Horenczyk, R., Peled, O., Miron, T., Brom, D., Villa, Y. ve Chemtob, C. M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 66-72.
- Peguero, A. A. (2008). Is immigrant status relevant in school violence research. An analysis with Latin students. Journal of School Health, 78(7), 397-404.
- Pottinger, A. M. (2005). Children's experience of loss by parental migration in inner-cityJamaica. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 485-496.
- Perry, B. D. (2008). Creative interventions and childhood trauma. Içinde: Preface, Malchiodi, C. A(ed.) New York: Guilford Press.
- Portes, A. ve Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. The annals of the American academy of politica land social science, 530(1), 74-96.
- Rogler, R. S. (1994) The immigration experience and mental health. Health and Behavior, 8: 72-84
- Schottelkorb, A. A., Doumas, D. M. ve Garcia, R. (2012). Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: A randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Play Therapy, 21(2), 57-73.
- Skär, L. ve Tamm, M. (2002). Disability and social network. A comparison between children and adolescents with and without restricted mobility. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 4(2), 118-137.
- Smokowski, P. R. (2009). Entre dos mundos/between two worlds: Bicultural development in context. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(1), 421-451.
- Syria Regional Refugee Response. (2015). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224.
- Terr, C. L. (2007). Play therapy with children in crisis. N. B. Webb (Ed.). London: Guilford Press.
- Terr, L. C. (1981). Psychic trauma in children: Observations following the Chowchilla school-bus kidnapping. American journal of Psychiatry, 138(1), 14-19.
- Titzmann, P. F., Raabe, T. ve Silbereisen, R. K. (2008). Risk and protective factors for delinquency among male adolescent immigrants at different stages of the acculturation process. International Journal of Psychology, 43(1), 19-31.
- Türkiye İstatistikleri.(2014). United Nations high commissioner for refugees. http://www.unhcr.org.tr/uploads/root/istatistik_aralik_tr.pdf.
- Yağmurlu, B. ve Sanson, A. (2009). Acculturation and parenting among Turkish mothers in Australia. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 361-380.
- Waters, M. C., Tran, V. C., Kasinitz, P. ve Mollenkopf, J. H. (2010). Segmented assimilation revisited: types of acculturation and socioeconomic mobility in young adulthood. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(7), 1168-1193.
- Wilson, W. J. (2012). The truly disadvantaged: The innercity, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
- World Population Policies. (2013). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/wpp2013.pdf
- Zara, A. (2011). Yaşadıkça psikolojik sorunlar ve başa çıkma yolları. (Ed.). İmge Kitapevi Yayınları: Ankara.