Araştırma Makalesi
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İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ KAMPANYALARINDA TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET BOŞLUĞU: BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK VE TÜRKİYE BULGULARI

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 923 - 942, 25.09.2019

Öz



İklim değişikliğinin cinsiyet
bağlamındaki farklı etkileri az gelişmiş ülkeler (Küresel Güney) için yeterince
araştırılmıştır, fakat bu konu, Türkiye ve gelişmiş ülkelerdeki siyasi gündemde
büyük ölçüde gözardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, bu durumun nedenleri arasında,
çevre alanında faaliyet gösteren sivil toplum kuruluşlarının (ÇSTK) çevre
politikalarında, cinsiyet faktörünün önemini gözardı etmelerinden kaynaklandığı
savunulmaktadır. ÇSTKlar, siyasi ajandayı etkileyen baskı grupları arasındadır.
Bu nedenle de toplumları etkilemede önemli görevleri bulunmaktadır. Bu makale
İngiltere ve Türkiye’de ÇSTKlar üzerine karşılaştırmalı kalitatif araştırma
yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan bir araştırmaya dayanmaktadır. Makale, ÇSTKların
iklim değişikliği ile ilgili çevre kampanyalarını inceleyerek, iklim
değişikliğinin kadınlar ve erkekler üzerindeki farklı etkilerinin ÇSTKlarca
gözardı edilmesinin nedenleri üzerinde düşünmeyi amaçlamaktadır. 

Kaynakça

  • Agyeman, J., & Angus, B. (2003). The role of civic environmentalism in the pursuit of sustainable communities, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 46 (3), 345-363.
  • Brody, A., Demetriades, J., & Esplen, E. (2008). Gender and climate change: Mapping the linkages: a scoping study on knowledge and gaps, BRIDGE, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
  • Buckingham, S., Reeves D., & Batchelor, A. (2005). Wasting women: Gender mainstreaming as a potential tool for environmental justice to local environment, Local Environment, 10 (4), 427-444.
  • Buckingham, S., & Kulcur, R. (2017). It’s not just the numbers, challenging masculinist working practices in climate change decision-making in UK government and non-governmental organizations, in M. Cohen (Ed.), Climate change and gender in rich countries: Work, public policy and action (pp.35-51), London: Routledge.
  • Caul, M. (2001). Political parties and the adoption of candidate gender quotas: A cross- national analysis, The Journal of Politics, 63 (4), 1214 - 1229.
  • Climate Policy Info Hub. (2018). Observer NGOs and the international climate negotiations https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/about (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • Cohen, M. G., (2017). Climate change and gender in rich countries: Work, public policy and action, London: Routledge.
  • Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept, Gender and Society, 19 (6), 829-859.
  • Davies report (2015). Women on boards (Ref: BIS/15/585). UK: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/women-on-boards-reports (Accessed: 28.11.2017).
  • Di Chiro, G. (1998). Environmental justice from the grassroots: Reflections on history, gender, and expertise. In: Daniel Faber (Ed.), The Struggle for ecological democracy: environmental justice movements in the United States (pp.104-136), New York: Guilford.
  • Djoudi H., Brockhaus, M. & Locatelli, B. (2013). Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in Northern Mali, Regional Environmental Change, 13, 493–508.
  • Donohoe, M. (2003). Causes and health consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice, Social Science and Medicine, 56(3): 573-587.
  • EU (2015). Strategic engagement for gender equality 2016-2019, justice and consumers http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/document/files/strategic_engagement_en.pdf (Accessed: 28.11.2017).
  • Friends of the Earth (2011). Women speak out on climate change, demand climate justice https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/bangkok_04April2011_climate_women.pdf (Accessed: 18.08.2018).
  • Fritsch, N-S. (2014). Contagious representation: women's political representation in democracies around the world, Journal of Gender Studies, 23(3): 323-325.
  • Goh, A. H. X. (2012). A literature review of the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change on women's and men's assets and well-being in developing countries, CAPRi working papers 106, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
  • GPF (2018). Funding for NGOs https://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/introduction/31508-funding-for-ngos.html (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • Greenpeace (2016). Why climate change is a gender equality issue http://energydesk.greenpeace.org/2016/03/08/why-climate-change-gender-equality/ (Accessed: 25.08.2018).
  • Hultman, M., & Anshelm, J. (2017). Masculinities of global climate change, exploring ecomodern, industrial and ecological masculinity, In M. Cohen, M. (Ed.), Climate Change and Gender in Rich Countries: Work, Public Policy and Action (pp.19-34), London: Routledge.
  • ICRW (2016). Empowered women and girls transform societies https://www.icrw.org/news/empowered-women-and-girls-transform-societies-an-interview-with-melinda-gates/ (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • IPCC (2018). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/ (Accessed: 17.06.2018)
  • Joecks, J., Pull, K., & Vetter, K. (2013). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a “critical mass?”, Journal of Business Ethics, 118 (1), 61-72.
  • Kaijser, A., & Kronsell, A. (2014). Climate change through the lens of intersectionality, Environmental politics, 23, 417-433.
  • Kopnina, H. (2017). Sustainability: new strategic thinking for business, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19 (1), 27–43.
  • Kulcur, R. (2018). Genderedness in ENGOs: A comparative institutional analysis of the United Kingdom and Turkey, Alternatif Politika, 10(3), 457-483.
  • Kulcur, R. (2013). Environmental Injustice? An analysis of gender in environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in the United Kingdom and Turkey, (Doctoral dissertation). Brunel University: London.
  • Lennon, K. & Whitford, M. (1994). Knowing the difference: Feminist perspectives in epistemology, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Lewis, D. (2003). Theorizing the organisation and management of non-governmental development organisations: Towards a composite approach, Public Management Review, 5 (3), 325-344.
  • MacGregor, S. (2010). Gender and climate change’: From impacts to discourses, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 6(2): 223-238.
  • MacGregor, S. (2009). A stranger silence still: The need for feminist social research on climate change, The Sociological Review, 57 (supplement S2), 124-140.
  • Magnusdottir, G. L. & Kronsell, A. (2014). The (in)visibility of gender in Scandinavian climate policy, Making International Feminist Journal of Politics, 17(2): 308-326.
  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent "yes", The Journal of Politics, 61 (3), 628-657.
  • Merkens, H. (1997). Stichproben in qualitativen studien, in: Friebertshäuser, R. and Prengel, A., Handbuch qualitative forschungsmethoden in der Erziehungswisenschaft, Weinheim: Juventa, 97-106.
  • Nightingale, A. (2006). The nature of gender: work, gender, and environment, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24 (2), 165-185.
  • OECD (2017). Understanding the socio-economic divide in Europe https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/cope-divide-europe-2017-background-report.pdf (Accessed: 31.05.2018).
  • Phillips, A. (2000). Democracy and the representation of difference and the politics of presence: Problems and developments, Aalborg: Aalborg Universität http://vbn.aau.dk/files/49900648/GEP_Tesktserie_No4_2000.pdf (Accessed: 15.06.2018).
  • Plumwood, V. (2006). Feminism, in: A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political theory and the ecological challenge (pp.51-74), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ramazanoglu, C. & Holland, J. (2004). Feminist methodology: Challenges and choices, London: Sage.
  • Räty, R. & Carlsson-Kanyama, A. (2010). Energy consumption by gender in some European countries, Energy Policy, 38 (1), 646–649.
  • Rietig. K. (2016). The Power of Strategy: Environmental NGO influence in ınternational climate negotiations, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 22 (2), 268-288.
  • Sandilands, C. (1999). The good-natured feminist: ecofeminism and the quest for democracy feminism and ecological communities: An ethic of flourishing, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Seager, J. (1993). Earth follies: feminism, politics and the environment, London: Earthscan.
  • Shandra, J. M., Shor, E., & London, B. (2008). Debt, structural adjustment, and organic water pollution: A cross-national analysis, Organisation and Environment, 21, 38-55.
  • Simpson, R., & Lewis, P. (2007). Voice, visibility and the gendering of organisations, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Taylor, D. E. (2002). Race, class, gender, and American environmentalism (Report No. PNW-GTR-534). U.S.: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
  • Taylor, D. E. (2016). The Rise of the American conservation movement: Power, privilege, and environmental protection, Durham: Duke University Press
  • Turco, M., E. Palazzi, J. von Hardenberg, & A. Provenzale, A. (2015), Observed climate change hotspots, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 3521–3528.
  • TNCCASAP (2011). Turkey’s national climate change adaptation strategy and action plan, Ankara: Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation. Retrieved from http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/iklim-degisikligi/turkeys-national-climate-change-adaptation-strategy-and-action-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (Accessed: 24.5.2018)
  • UN (2014). Women, gender equality and climate change http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/ (3.3.2018)
  • UNDP (2016). Promoting sustainable development through more effective civil society participation in environmental governance: a selection of country case studies from the EU-NGOs project http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/pdf/EU_NGOs_publication_20161219.pdf (Accessed: 31.5.2018)
  • UNFCCC (2017). Introduction to gender and climate change http://unfccc.int/gender_and_climate_change/items/7516.php (Accessed: 28.08.2018).
  • UNFCCC (2017a). Report on gender composition http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2017/cop23/eng/06.pdf (Accessed: 10.08.2018).
  • United Nations (2017). Women in power and decision-making http://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/in-focus/decision-making (Accessed: 4.4.2018)
  • WECF (2018). Men's and women's different impact on climate http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2011/02/gender-climateimpact.php (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • WHO (2014). http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/gender_climate_change/en/ (Accessed: 31.05.2018).
  • Wolf, M. (2004). Address by parliamentary secretary of state, In Röhr, U. (Ed.) Towards Gender Justice in Environmental Policy, LIFE e.V./Frauen weltNetz.

EXPOSING THE LACK OF GENDER IN CLIMATE CHANGE CAMPAIGNS: EVIDENCE FROM THE UK AND TURKEY

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 923 - 942, 25.09.2019

Öz



While the implications of climate change on
women have been documented in the Global South, gender differentiated impacts
of climate change in the Global North and in Turkey are relatively ignored on
the political agenda. Here it is argued that this is partly due to invisibility
of gender in Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) and their
failure to acknowledge the importance of gender sensitivity in their policies. ENGOs’
role in shaping environmental policies have been recognised. This article
reports on the research conducted on ENGOs in the United Kingdom and Turkey. Comparative
case study research, applying qualitative methods were adopted to collect
information. This paper aims to explore the gendered nature of ENGOs’ campaigns
and discuss the reasons of the invisibility of differential impacts of climate
change on women and men by the ENGOs. 

Kaynakça

  • Agyeman, J., & Angus, B. (2003). The role of civic environmentalism in the pursuit of sustainable communities, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 46 (3), 345-363.
  • Brody, A., Demetriades, J., & Esplen, E. (2008). Gender and climate change: Mapping the linkages: a scoping study on knowledge and gaps, BRIDGE, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
  • Buckingham, S., Reeves D., & Batchelor, A. (2005). Wasting women: Gender mainstreaming as a potential tool for environmental justice to local environment, Local Environment, 10 (4), 427-444.
  • Buckingham, S., & Kulcur, R. (2017). It’s not just the numbers, challenging masculinist working practices in climate change decision-making in UK government and non-governmental organizations, in M. Cohen (Ed.), Climate change and gender in rich countries: Work, public policy and action (pp.35-51), London: Routledge.
  • Caul, M. (2001). Political parties and the adoption of candidate gender quotas: A cross- national analysis, The Journal of Politics, 63 (4), 1214 - 1229.
  • Climate Policy Info Hub. (2018). Observer NGOs and the international climate negotiations https://climatepolicyinfohub.eu/about (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • Cohen, M. G., (2017). Climate change and gender in rich countries: Work, public policy and action, London: Routledge.
  • Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept, Gender and Society, 19 (6), 829-859.
  • Davies report (2015). Women on boards (Ref: BIS/15/585). UK: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/women-on-boards-reports (Accessed: 28.11.2017).
  • Di Chiro, G. (1998). Environmental justice from the grassroots: Reflections on history, gender, and expertise. In: Daniel Faber (Ed.), The Struggle for ecological democracy: environmental justice movements in the United States (pp.104-136), New York: Guilford.
  • Djoudi H., Brockhaus, M. & Locatelli, B. (2013). Once there was a lake: Vulnerability to environmental changes in Northern Mali, Regional Environmental Change, 13, 493–508.
  • Donohoe, M. (2003). Causes and health consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice, Social Science and Medicine, 56(3): 573-587.
  • EU (2015). Strategic engagement for gender equality 2016-2019, justice and consumers http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/document/files/strategic_engagement_en.pdf (Accessed: 28.11.2017).
  • Friends of the Earth (2011). Women speak out on climate change, demand climate justice https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/bangkok_04April2011_climate_women.pdf (Accessed: 18.08.2018).
  • Fritsch, N-S. (2014). Contagious representation: women's political representation in democracies around the world, Journal of Gender Studies, 23(3): 323-325.
  • Goh, A. H. X. (2012). A literature review of the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change on women's and men's assets and well-being in developing countries, CAPRi working papers 106, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
  • GPF (2018). Funding for NGOs https://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/introduction/31508-funding-for-ngos.html (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • Greenpeace (2016). Why climate change is a gender equality issue http://energydesk.greenpeace.org/2016/03/08/why-climate-change-gender-equality/ (Accessed: 25.08.2018).
  • Hultman, M., & Anshelm, J. (2017). Masculinities of global climate change, exploring ecomodern, industrial and ecological masculinity, In M. Cohen, M. (Ed.), Climate Change and Gender in Rich Countries: Work, Public Policy and Action (pp.19-34), London: Routledge.
  • ICRW (2016). Empowered women and girls transform societies https://www.icrw.org/news/empowered-women-and-girls-transform-societies-an-interview-with-melinda-gates/ (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • IPCC (2018). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http://www.ipcc.ch/ (Accessed: 17.06.2018)
  • Joecks, J., Pull, K., & Vetter, K. (2013). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a “critical mass?”, Journal of Business Ethics, 118 (1), 61-72.
  • Kaijser, A., & Kronsell, A. (2014). Climate change through the lens of intersectionality, Environmental politics, 23, 417-433.
  • Kopnina, H. (2017). Sustainability: new strategic thinking for business, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19 (1), 27–43.
  • Kulcur, R. (2018). Genderedness in ENGOs: A comparative institutional analysis of the United Kingdom and Turkey, Alternatif Politika, 10(3), 457-483.
  • Kulcur, R. (2013). Environmental Injustice? An analysis of gender in environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) in the United Kingdom and Turkey, (Doctoral dissertation). Brunel University: London.
  • Lennon, K. & Whitford, M. (1994). Knowing the difference: Feminist perspectives in epistemology, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Lewis, D. (2003). Theorizing the organisation and management of non-governmental development organisations: Towards a composite approach, Public Management Review, 5 (3), 325-344.
  • MacGregor, S. (2010). Gender and climate change’: From impacts to discourses, Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 6(2): 223-238.
  • MacGregor, S. (2009). A stranger silence still: The need for feminist social research on climate change, The Sociological Review, 57 (supplement S2), 124-140.
  • Magnusdottir, G. L. & Kronsell, A. (2014). The (in)visibility of gender in Scandinavian climate policy, Making International Feminist Journal of Politics, 17(2): 308-326.
  • Mansbridge, J. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent "yes", The Journal of Politics, 61 (3), 628-657.
  • Merkens, H. (1997). Stichproben in qualitativen studien, in: Friebertshäuser, R. and Prengel, A., Handbuch qualitative forschungsmethoden in der Erziehungswisenschaft, Weinheim: Juventa, 97-106.
  • Nightingale, A. (2006). The nature of gender: work, gender, and environment, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24 (2), 165-185.
  • OECD (2017). Understanding the socio-economic divide in Europe https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/cope-divide-europe-2017-background-report.pdf (Accessed: 31.05.2018).
  • Phillips, A. (2000). Democracy and the representation of difference and the politics of presence: Problems and developments, Aalborg: Aalborg Universität http://vbn.aau.dk/files/49900648/GEP_Tesktserie_No4_2000.pdf (Accessed: 15.06.2018).
  • Plumwood, V. (2006). Feminism, in: A. Dobson & R. Eckersley (Eds.), Political theory and the ecological challenge (pp.51-74), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ramazanoglu, C. & Holland, J. (2004). Feminist methodology: Challenges and choices, London: Sage.
  • Räty, R. & Carlsson-Kanyama, A. (2010). Energy consumption by gender in some European countries, Energy Policy, 38 (1), 646–649.
  • Rietig. K. (2016). The Power of Strategy: Environmental NGO influence in ınternational climate negotiations, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 22 (2), 268-288.
  • Sandilands, C. (1999). The good-natured feminist: ecofeminism and the quest for democracy feminism and ecological communities: An ethic of flourishing, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Seager, J. (1993). Earth follies: feminism, politics and the environment, London: Earthscan.
  • Shandra, J. M., Shor, E., & London, B. (2008). Debt, structural adjustment, and organic water pollution: A cross-national analysis, Organisation and Environment, 21, 38-55.
  • Simpson, R., & Lewis, P. (2007). Voice, visibility and the gendering of organisations, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Taylor, D. E. (2002). Race, class, gender, and American environmentalism (Report No. PNW-GTR-534). U.S.: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
  • Taylor, D. E. (2016). The Rise of the American conservation movement: Power, privilege, and environmental protection, Durham: Duke University Press
  • Turco, M., E. Palazzi, J. von Hardenberg, & A. Provenzale, A. (2015), Observed climate change hotspots, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 3521–3528.
  • TNCCASAP (2011). Turkey’s national climate change adaptation strategy and action plan, Ankara: Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation. Retrieved from http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/iklim-degisikligi/turkeys-national-climate-change-adaptation-strategy-and-action-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (Accessed: 24.5.2018)
  • UN (2014). Women, gender equality and climate change http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/ (3.3.2018)
  • UNDP (2016). Promoting sustainable development through more effective civil society participation in environmental governance: a selection of country case studies from the EU-NGOs project http://ec.europa.eu/environment/international_issues/pdf/EU_NGOs_publication_20161219.pdf (Accessed: 31.5.2018)
  • UNFCCC (2017). Introduction to gender and climate change http://unfccc.int/gender_and_climate_change/items/7516.php (Accessed: 28.08.2018).
  • UNFCCC (2017a). Report on gender composition http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2017/cop23/eng/06.pdf (Accessed: 10.08.2018).
  • United Nations (2017). Women in power and decision-making http://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/in-focus/decision-making (Accessed: 4.4.2018)
  • WECF (2018). Men's and women's different impact on climate http://www.wecf.eu/english/articles/2011/02/gender-climateimpact.php (Accessed: 31.05.2018)
  • WHO (2014). http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/gender_climate_change/en/ (Accessed: 31.05.2018).
  • Wolf, M. (2004). Address by parliamentary secretary of state, In Röhr, U. (Ed.) Towards Gender Justice in Environmental Policy, LIFE e.V./Frauen weltNetz.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rakibe Külcür 0000-0003-1874-2822

Susan Buckıngham Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3632-2592

Nicola Ansell Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6129-7413

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Külcür, R., Buckıngham, S., & Ansell, N. (2019). EXPOSING THE LACK OF GENDER IN CLIMATE CHANGE CAMPAIGNS: EVIDENCE FROM THE UK AND TURKEY. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 923-942.