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COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND RADICALIZATION DURING BARACK OBAMA ERA

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 303 - 336, 26.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.409510

Öz

Radicalism and violent extemism have begun to be perceived in the U.S. as the most serious threat for the national security after 9/11 terrorist attacks. Barack Obama Administration has launched a comprehensive program in order to prevent individuals who have connections with and sympathy for the Islamic terrorist organizations from resorting to violence and to hinder them in encouraging others for extremism. The program which has been scheduled and executed under the social movement theory and refered as the Countering Violent Extremism was severely criticised by the Muslim communities and civil society organizations on the grounds that it created discrimination in society. The purpose of this article is to find out to what extent have these programs achieved their goals. The basic assertion of this article is, contrary to the government’s arguments, the programs have failed due to their lack of clear definition, defect of sustainability and measurability and decentralised structure. Focused on Barack Obama Administration’s term, the article was written through collecting and analysing the official documents and secondary texts.

Kaynakça

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  • ADC Mektubu (2016). http://www.adc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Coalition-Letter-to-FBI-RE-Website-Profiling-Arab-Youth1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Aggarwal, N.K., Cedeño, K., & Bhui, K. (2017). The role of psychiatrists in countering violent extremism. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/role-psychiatrists- countering-violent-extremism, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
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  • Allan, H., Glazzard, A., Jesperson, S., Reddy-Tumu, S., & Winterbotham, E. (2015). Drivers of violent extremism: Hypotheses and literature review. London: Royal United Services Institute.
  • Asian Americans Advancing Justice Mektubu (2014). https://www.advancingjustice-la.org/sites/default/files/20141113%20-%20MR%20-%20CVE%20Statement.pdf (10.04.2018).
  • Awadallah, A., Lang, H., & Densmore, K. (2017). Losing the war of ideas: Countering violent extremism in the age of Trump. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security /reports/2017/08/17/437457/losing-war-ideas/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
  • Ayyash, M. M. (2013). The paradox of political violence. European Journal of Social Theory, 16 (3), 1-15.
  • Balcells, L. (2015). Political violence: An institutional approach, Gandhi, J., Ruiz, R. (Ed.), Routledge Handbook on Political Institutions içinde, London Routledge.
  • Balibar, E., (2004). Şiddet ve Medenilik: Wellek Library Konferansları ve Diğer Siyaset Felsefesi Denemeleri. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Berger, J.M. (2016). Making CVE work a focused approach based on process disruption. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Raporu. The Hague: ICCT.
  • Bjørgo, T. Alonso, R. & Della Porta, D. & Coolsaet, R. & Khosrokhavar, F. & Lohker, R. & Ranstorp, M. & Reinares, F. & Schmid, A. & Silke, A. & Taarnby, M. & De Vries, G. (2008). Radicalisation processes leading to acts of terrorism. European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation Raporu. Brussels: European Commission.
  • Bodur Ün, M. ve Timur, K. (2016). Kolektif siyasal şiddet analizine toplumsal hareketler teorisi yaklaşımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18 (3), 523-551.
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  • Building Community Resilience, Minneapolis-St. Paul Pilot Program (2015). https://www.justice.gov/usao-mn/file/642121/download (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2018)
  • Byrne-Diakun, R. M. (Ed.) (2016). Countering violent extremism, applying the public health model. Georgetown University Center for Security Studies Raporu, Washington, D.C.
  • COINTELPRO Belgeleri: https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/1511708.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018).
  • CONTEST (2011). The United Kingdom's strategy for countering terrorism, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty.
  • Corner, E. & Gill, P. (2015). A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism, Law and Human Behavior, 39 (1), 23-34.
  • Countering Violent Extremism Working Group Sunumu (2010). https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac_cve_working_group_recommendations.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018).
  • Çakır, M.F., Aslan. Ö., Kıyıcı, H., Söylemez, H.İ., Öztürk, M. Şahin, Y. & Demirbaş. M. (2017). Radikalleşme, şiddet içeren aşırılık ve terörizm, Polis Akademisi Raporu, Ankara: Polis Akademisi.
  • Della Porta, D. (2012). Processes of radicalization and de-radicalization International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6 (1), 5-10.
  • Department of Homeland Security (2011). Empowering local partners to prevent violent extremism in the United States. https://www.dhs.gov/publication/empowering-local- partners-prevent-violent-extremism-united-states, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security (2015). The Los Angeles Framework for Countering Violent Extremism. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications /Los%20Angeles%20Framework%20for%20CVE-Full%20Report.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security (2017). Lexicon https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/18_0116_MGMT_DHS-Lexicon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security, If You See Something, Say Something Kampanyası: https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something/about-campaign (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018)
  • Diani, M. (1992). The concept of social movement. The Sociological Review, 40 (1), 1-25.
  • Eisenman, D.P., Glik, D., Ong, M., Zhou, Q., Tseng, C.H., Long, A., Fielding, J. & Asch, S., (2009). Terrorism-related fear and avoidance behavior in a multiethnic urban population. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (1), 168-174.
  • Ellis, B.H., & Saida Abdi, S., (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships, American Psychologist, 72 (3), 289-300.
  • FBI (2016). Preventing violent extremism in schools. https://info.publicintelligence.net/FBI-PreventingExtremismSchools.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • FBI SCS Mektubu (2016). https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2815794-FBI-SRC-Letter.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2018).
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Division (2015). FBI strategic plan to curb violent extremism. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/16-cv-00672%20-%20FBI%20Strategic%20Plan%20to%20Curb%20Violent%20Extremism.PDF (Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2018).
  • Fordham University (2016). Case by case, ISIS prosecutions in the United States. Center on National Security Raporu.
  • Gambetta, D., & Hertog, S. (2007). Engineers of jihad. Sociology Working Papers, Paper Number: 2007-10.
  • Gamson, W.A. (2011). From outsiders to insiders: Changing perceptions of emotional culture and consciousness among social movement scholars. Mobilization, 16 (3), 251-264.
  • Gorka, K.C. (2014). The flawed science behind America’s counter-terrorism strategy. The Council on Global Security White Paper, Washington D.C.: The Council on Global Security.
  • Grave concerns regarding “countering violent extremism” pilot programs mektubu (2015). http://www.muslimadvocates.org/files/Boston-Organizational-Letter-re-CVE- Concerns.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2018).
  • Green, S.N., & Proctor, K. (2016). Turning point: A new comprehensive strategy for countering violent extremism. A Report of the CSIS Commission on Countering Violent Extremism, Washington, D.C.
  • Greenberg, M., & Babcock-Dunning, L. (2012). Worrying about terrorism and other acute environmental health hazard events. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (4), 651-656.
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BARACK OBAMA DÖNEMİNDE RADİKALLEŞME VE ŞİDDET İÇEREN AŞIRILIKLA MÜCADELE

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 303 - 336, 26.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.409510

Öz

Radikalleşme ve şiddet içeren aşırılık, ABD’de 11 Eylül saldırılarından sonra ulusal güvenliğe yönelik en ciddi tehdit olarak algılanmaya başlanmıştır. Militan Selefi terörizmle bağlantılı olan veya bu örgütlere ideolojik bir yakınlık duyan bireylerin şiddete başvurmalarını ve çevrelerindekileri aşırılığa teşvik etmelerini önlemek için Barack Obama Yönetimi kapsamlı bir çalışma başlatmıştır. Sosyal hareket kuramına dayanan ve Şiddet İçeren Aşırılığı Önleme (Countering Violent Extremism) adı altında hayata geçirilen bu strateji, toplumda ayrımcılık yarattığı gerekçesiyle Müslüman topluluklar ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından ciddi eleştirilere uğramıştır. Bu makalenin amacı, söz konusu programların ne derecede başarılı olduğunu bulmaktır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, resmi iddiaların aksine, bu programların net bir tanımının yapılamaması, sürdürülebilir ve ölçülebilir olmamaları ve merkezi olmayan yapıları nedeniyle başarısız olduğudur. Barack Obama Yönetimi dönemine odaklanan araşırma, devlet belgelerinin ve ikincil kaynakların toplanması ve incelenmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • ADC Mektubu (2016). http://www.adc.org/2016/03/adc-demands-cancellation-of-shared-responsibility-committees-fbi-informant-program/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • ADC Mektubu (2016). http://www.adc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Coalition-Letter-to-FBI-RE-Website-Profiling-Arab-Youth1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • ADC Mektubu (2016). http://www.adc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Coalition-Letter-to-FBI-RE-Website-Profiling-Arab-Youth1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Aggarwal, N.K., Cedeño, K., & Bhui, K. (2017). The role of psychiatrists in countering violent extremism. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/role-psychiatrists- countering-violent-extremism, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
  • Aldrich, D. P. (2012). Mightier than the sword: Social science and development in countering violent extremism. Frontiers in Development Raporu. Washington: USAID.
  • Allan, H., Glazzard, A., Jesperson, S., Reddy-Tumu, S., & Winterbotham, E. (2015). Drivers of violent extremism: Hypotheses and literature review. London: Royal United Services Institute.
  • Asian Americans Advancing Justice Mektubu (2014). https://www.advancingjustice-la.org/sites/default/files/20141113%20-%20MR%20-%20CVE%20Statement.pdf (10.04.2018).
  • Awadallah, A., Lang, H., & Densmore, K. (2017). Losing the war of ideas: Countering violent extremism in the age of Trump. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security /reports/2017/08/17/437457/losing-war-ideas/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2019).
  • Ayyash, M. M. (2013). The paradox of political violence. European Journal of Social Theory, 16 (3), 1-15.
  • Balcells, L. (2015). Political violence: An institutional approach, Gandhi, J., Ruiz, R. (Ed.), Routledge Handbook on Political Institutions içinde, London Routledge.
  • Balibar, E., (2004). Şiddet ve Medenilik: Wellek Library Konferansları ve Diğer Siyaset Felsefesi Denemeleri. İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Berger, J.M. (2016). Making CVE work a focused approach based on process disruption. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Raporu. The Hague: ICCT.
  • Bjørgo, T. Alonso, R. & Della Porta, D. & Coolsaet, R. & Khosrokhavar, F. & Lohker, R. & Ranstorp, M. & Reinares, F. & Schmid, A. & Silke, A. & Taarnby, M. & De Vries, G. (2008). Radicalisation processes leading to acts of terrorism. European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation Raporu. Brussels: European Commission.
  • Bodur Ün, M. ve Timur, K. (2016). Kolektif siyasal şiddet analizine toplumsal hareketler teorisi yaklaşımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18 (3), 523-551.
  • Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into violent extremism I: A review of social science theories. Perspectives on Radicalization and Involvement in Terrorism, 4 (4), 7-36.
  • Brennan Center Mektubu (2014). https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/analysis/DHSenvoy%20060614.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2018).
  • Building Community Resilience, Minneapolis-St. Paul Pilot Program (2015). https://www.justice.gov/usao-mn/file/642121/download (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2018)
  • Byrne-Diakun, R. M. (Ed.) (2016). Countering violent extremism, applying the public health model. Georgetown University Center for Security Studies Raporu, Washington, D.C.
  • COINTELPRO Belgeleri: https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0204/1511708.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2018).
  • CONTEST (2011). The United Kingdom's strategy for countering terrorism, Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty.
  • Corner, E. & Gill, P. (2015). A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism, Law and Human Behavior, 39 (1), 23-34.
  • Countering Violent Extremism Working Group Sunumu (2010). https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac_cve_working_group_recommendations.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018).
  • Çakır, M.F., Aslan. Ö., Kıyıcı, H., Söylemez, H.İ., Öztürk, M. Şahin, Y. & Demirbaş. M. (2017). Radikalleşme, şiddet içeren aşırılık ve terörizm, Polis Akademisi Raporu, Ankara: Polis Akademisi.
  • Della Porta, D. (2012). Processes of radicalization and de-radicalization International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6 (1), 5-10.
  • Department of Homeland Security (2011). Empowering local partners to prevent violent extremism in the United States. https://www.dhs.gov/publication/empowering-local- partners-prevent-violent-extremism-united-states, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security (2015). The Los Angeles Framework for Countering Violent Extremism. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications /Los%20Angeles%20Framework%20for%20CVE-Full%20Report.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security (2017). Lexicon https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/18_0116_MGMT_DHS-Lexicon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018).
  • Department of Homeland Security, If You See Something, Say Something Kampanyası: https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something/about-campaign (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2018)
  • Diani, M. (1992). The concept of social movement. The Sociological Review, 40 (1), 1-25.
  • Eisenman, D.P., Glik, D., Ong, M., Zhou, Q., Tseng, C.H., Long, A., Fielding, J. & Asch, S., (2009). Terrorism-related fear and avoidance behavior in a multiethnic urban population. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (1), 168-174.
  • Ellis, B.H., & Saida Abdi, S., (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships, American Psychologist, 72 (3), 289-300.
  • FBI (2016). Preventing violent extremism in schools. https://info.publicintelligence.net/FBI-PreventingExtremismSchools.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • FBI SCS Mektubu (2016). https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2815794-FBI-SRC-Letter.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.07.2018).
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Division (2015). FBI strategic plan to curb violent extremism. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/16-cv-00672%20-%20FBI%20Strategic%20Plan%20to%20Curb%20Violent%20Extremism.PDF (Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2018).
  • Fordham University (2016). Case by case, ISIS prosecutions in the United States. Center on National Security Raporu.
  • Gambetta, D., & Hertog, S. (2007). Engineers of jihad. Sociology Working Papers, Paper Number: 2007-10.
  • Gamson, W.A. (2011). From outsiders to insiders: Changing perceptions of emotional culture and consciousness among social movement scholars. Mobilization, 16 (3), 251-264.
  • Gorka, K.C. (2014). The flawed science behind America’s counter-terrorism strategy. The Council on Global Security White Paper, Washington D.C.: The Council on Global Security.
  • Grave concerns regarding “countering violent extremism” pilot programs mektubu (2015). http://www.muslimadvocates.org/files/Boston-Organizational-Letter-re-CVE- Concerns.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.07.2018).
  • Green, S.N., & Proctor, K. (2016). Turning point: A new comprehensive strategy for countering violent extremism. A Report of the CSIS Commission on Countering Violent Extremism, Washington, D.C.
  • Greenberg, M., & Babcock-Dunning, L. (2012). Worrying about terrorism and other acute environmental health hazard events. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (4), 651-656.
  • Gunning, J. (2009). Social movement theory and the study of terrorism. Jackson, R, Smyth, M.B. & Gunning, J. (Ed.) Critical terrorism studies: A New Research Agenda içinde (ss.156-178). London: Routledge.
  • Hafez, M.M. (2003). Why muslims rebel: Repression and resistance in the muslim world. Boulder: Lynne Riener Publishers.
  • Haklı, S. Z. (Ed.), (2018). Radikalleşme, şiddet ve terörizm. Polis Akademisi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Harper, E. (2018). Reconceptualizing the drivers of violent extremism: An agenda for child & youth resilience. WANA Institute Report, Amman.
  • Himberger, D.E., Gaylin, D., Tompson, T., Agiesta, J. & Kelly, J. (2013). Civil liberties and security: 10 years after 9/11. The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. Chicago: NORC Center.
  • Janice Fedarcyk Kongre İfadesi (2007) https://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/testimony/277.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Jenkin, C.M., (2006). Risk perception and terrorism: Applying the psychometric paradigm. Homeland Security Affairs, 2 (2), 1-14.
  • Khalil, J., & Zeuthen, M. (2014). A Case study of counter violent extremism (CVE) programming: Lessons from OTI’s Kenya transition initiative. Stability, International Journal of Security & Development, 3 (1), 1-12.
  • Klandermans, B. (1992). The social construction of protest and multiorganizational fields. Morris, A. D. & Mueller, C. M. (Ed.), Frontiers in social movement theory içinde (ss. 77-103), New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Levinson, A. R. (2014). Founding worker cooperatives: Social movement theory and the law. Nevada Law Journal, 14 (2), 322-363.
  • McCarthy, K. (2016). Is the FBI's flawed terrorist ıntervention program really cancelled? http://www.aaiusa.org/is_the_fbi_s_terrorist_intervention_program_really_cancelled, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2018).
  • McCauley, C. & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20 (3), 415-433.
  • Minnesota Muslims Mektubu (2016). http://files.ctctcdn.com/bd15115b001/d068ad69-9ad8-46a0-bdcd-b9d57454ed20.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60 (2),161-169.
  • Muslim Advocates Mektubu (2016) https://www.muslimadvocates.org/dojendsplansforsrc/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2018).
  • NSCI (2009). Radicalization: A guide for the perplexed national security criminal ınvestigations. Kanada Kraliyet Birleşik Polisi Raporu, Ottawa.
  • Patel, F. & Koushik, M. (2017). Countering violent extremism, Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law Raporu. New York: New York University.
  • PEW (2004). A Year After Iraq War, Mistrust of America in Europe Ever Higher. Muslim Anger Persists. https://www.pewresearch.org/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2018).
  • PEW (2013). Public Says Investigate Terrorism, Even If It Intrudes on Privacy, Majority Views NSA Phone Tracking as Acceptable Anti - Terror Tactic, https://dergipark.org.tr /tr/pub/deusosbil/writing-rules, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • Rosand, E. (2017). Fixing CVE in the United States requires more than just a name change. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/02/16/fixing-cve-in-the- united-states-requires-more-than-just-a-name-change/ (Erişim Tarihi:17.03.2018).
  • Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review. https://icct.nl/publication/radicalisation-de- radicalisation-counter-radicalisation-a-conceptual-discussion-and-literature-review/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2018).
  • Schmid, A.P. (2014). Violent and non-violent extremism: Two sides of the same coin? https://icct.nl/publication/violent-and-non-violent-extremism-two-sides-of-the-same-coin/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • Tarrow, S. (1995). The Europeanization of conflict: Reflections from a social movement perspective. West European Politics, 18 (2), 223-251.
  • Thackrah, J.R. (2004). Dictionary of terrorism. London: Routledge.
  • The White House (2011). Strategic implementation plan for empowering local partners to prevent violent extremism in the United States. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov /the-press-office/2011/12/08/strategic-implementation-plan-empowering-local-partners-prevent-violent- (Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2018).
  • The White House (2009). Remarks by the President at Cairo University. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2018).
  • UNESCO (2018). Preventing violent extremism through education: effective activities and impact. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000266105, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • United Nations Development Programme (2015). Root Causes of Radicalization in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. https://www.undp.org/content /undp/en/home/librarypage/democratic-governance/conflict-prevention/discussion-paper---root-causes-of-radicalism.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2018).
  • United States Attorney’s Office District of Massachusetts (2015). A framework for prevention and ıntervention strategies. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2018).
  • Vidino, L., & Hughes, S. (2015). Countering violent extremism in America: Program on extremism, George Washington University Center for Cyber and Homeland Security Report, Washington, D.C.: George Washington University.
  • Wardetzki, B., (2018). Siyasette ve toplumda narsisizm, ayartma ve iktidar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Warsame, A., Farah, M. & Adam, A. (2015). How twin cities Muslim leaders are trying to prevent extremism. http://www.startribune.com/how-twin-cities-muslim-leaders-are-trying-to-prevent-extremism/299981061/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2019).
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004). Islamic activism: A social movement theory approach. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Wilentz, S. (2010) Live by the movement, die by the movement. https://newrepublic.com/article/79004/you-said-you-wanted-revolution-midterm-elections-obama (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2018).
  • Wilner, A. ve Dubouloz, C.J. (2009). Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: An interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization. Canadian Political Science Association Conference, May 2009, University of Ottawa, Canada.
  • Yeşiltaş, M. & Özçelik, N. (2016). PKK terörünün yeni dinamikleri: Radikalleşme ve şehir çatışması. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı Raporu. İstanbul: SETA.
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şener Çelik

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, Ş. (2020). BARACK OBAMA DÖNEMİNDE RADİKALLEŞME VE ŞİDDET İÇEREN AŞIRILIKLA MÜCADELE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 303-336. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.409510