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THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FOREIGN TRADE OPENNESS ON CO2 EMISSION: ARDL BOUNDS TEST

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 459 - 475, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.514374

Öz

In this paper, effect of electricity consumption, growth and trade openness on CO2 emission in Turkey between 1970-2014 was analyzed. As an econometric method, ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model) bounds test approach was applied. The increase in electricity consumption, GDP and trade openness by 1% increases carbon dioxide emission by 0.15%, 0.60%, 0.17%, respectively. Error correction coefficient is negative and statistically meaningful. The impact of the variables on carbon dioxide emission clearly show that measures to be taken on environmental pollution in Turkey have become mandatory.

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya, G. C. & Uzar, C. (2012). Karbona dayalı finansal gelecek sözleşmeleri ve fiyat gelişimi üzerine bir inceleme. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 32 (1), 67-80.
  • Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. & Seyhan, B. (2015). Türkiye’de çevre kirliliği, dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 1.
  • Aydın, C. & Esen, Ö. (2017). The validity of the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from smooth transition regression approach. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14 (39), 101-116.
  • Begum, R. A., Sohag, K., Abdullah, S. M. S. & Jaafar, M. (2015). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 594-601.
  • Boulatoff, C. & Jenkins, M. (2010). Long-term nexus between openness, income, and environmental quality. Int. Adv. Econ. Res., 16, 410-418.
  • Bozkurt, C. & Akan, Y. (2014). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: the Turkish case. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 484-494.
  • Bozkurt, C. & İlyas, O. (2015). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi, ticari serbestleşme ve nüfus yoğunluğunun CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkileri: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (35), 23-35.
  • Chang, C. (2010). A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China. Applied Energy, 87, 3533-3537.
  • Choi, E., Heshmati, A. & Cho, Y. (2010). An empirical study of the relationships between CO2 emissions, economic growth and openness. Iza Discussion Paper Series, No.5304, 1-24.
  • Çetin, M. & Seker, F. (2014). Ekonomik büyüme ve dış ticaretin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 21/2, 213-230.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Ergün, S. & Polat, M. A. (2015). OECD ülkelerinde CO2 emisyonu, elektrik tüketimi ve büyüme ilişkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 45, 115–141.
  • Farhani, S. & Jaleleddine, B. R. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissionas: evidence from panel data for MENA region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2 (2), 71-81.
  • Farhani S., Chaibi, A. & Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434.
  • Grossman, G. M, & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Working paper 3914, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Grossman, Gene. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 353-77.
  • Halıcıoglu, F. (2008). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
  • Hossain, S. M. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39 (11), 6991- 6999.
  • Jalil, A. & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. energy policy, 37 (12), 5167-5172.
  • Kasman, A. & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Kasperowicz, R. (2015). Economic growth and CO2 emissions: The ECM Analysis. Journal of International Studies, 8(3), 91-98.
  • Kukla-Gryz, A. (2009). Economic growth, international trade and air pollution: A decomposition analysis. Ecological Economics, 68, 1329‐1339.
  • Kuznets S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 49, 1-28.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Enegy Economics, 33, 257-263.
  • Naranpanawa, A. (2011). Does trade openness promote carbon emissions? empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. The Empirical Economics Letters, 10 (10), 974-986.
  • Nasir, M. & Faiz, U. R. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39, 1857–1864.
  • Öztürk, İ. & Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 3220-3225.
  • Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
  • Panayotou, T. (2003). Economics growth and environment. Economic Survey of Euope, 2, 45-72.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. & Mohd, S. (2012). Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: A cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Energy Policy, 51,184-191.
  • Selden, T. & Daqing, M., S. (1994). Environmental quality and development: is there a Kuznets Curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Managment, 27, 147-162.
  • Shafik, N. & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross- country evidence. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 1- 50.
  • Soytaş, U. & Ramazan, S. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics, 68, 1667-1675.
  • Tay, B. A. & Koç, Y. A. (2016). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: doğrusal olmayan eşbütünleşme analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16 (4), 31-45.
  • Topallı, N. (2016). CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Hindistan, Çin, Brezilya ve Güney Afrika için panel veri analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 1, 427-447.
  • Wang S., Zhou D., Zhou P. & Wang Q. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 4870-4875.
  • World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2018).
  • World Energy Outlook 2014, www.iea.Org, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2018).
  • World Energy Outlook 2016, www.iea.Org, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2018).
  • Yazdi, S. K. & Mastorakis, N. (2014). Renewable, CO2 emissions, trade openness, and economic growth in Iran. Latest Trend in Energy, Enviroment and Development, 25, 360-370.
  • Zaman, R. (2012). CO2 emissions, trade openness and GDP percapita: Bangladesh perspective. Munich Personal Repec Arcieve, No.48515, 1-38.
  • Zeb, R., Salar, L., Awan, U., Zaman, K. & Shahbaz, M. (2014). Causal links between renewable energy, environmental degradation and economic growth in selected SAARC countries: progress towards green economy. Renewable Energy, 71, 123-132.
  • Zeren, F. (2015). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların CO2 emisyonuna etkisi: kirlilik hale hipotezi mi kirlilik cenneti hipotezi mi? Journal of Yasar University, 10 (37), 6381-6477.
  • Zhang, X. P. & Xiao-Mei, C. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 2706-2712.

ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ, EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE DIŞ TİCARET AÇIKLIĞININ CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: ARDL SINIR TESTİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 459 - 475, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.514374

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 1970-2014 yılları arasında Türkiye’de elektrik tüketiminin, büyümenin ve dış ticaret açıklığının CO2 emisyonu üzerine etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Ekonometrik yöntem olarak ARDL (Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif Model) sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Uzun dönem katsayı tahmin sonuçları incelendiğinde, elektrik tüketimindeki, GSYH’deki ve dış ticaret açıklığındaki %1’lik artışlar karbondioksit emisyonunu sırasıyla, %0.15, %0.60, %0.17 oranında artırmaktadır. Hata düzeltme katsayı değeri ise negatif işaretli ve istatistiki açıdan anlamlı olduğu görülmektedir. Değişkenlerin karbondioksit emisyonu üzerine etkileri, Türkiye’de çevre kirliliği konusunda alınacak tedbirlerin zorunlu hale geldiğini açıkça göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkaya, G. C. & Uzar, C. (2012). Karbona dayalı finansal gelecek sözleşmeleri ve fiyat gelişimi üzerine bir inceleme. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 32 (1), 67-80.
  • Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. & Seyhan, B. (2015). Türkiye’de çevre kirliliği, dışa açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 1.
  • Aydın, C. & Esen, Ö. (2017). The validity of the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from smooth transition regression approach. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14 (39), 101-116.
  • Begum, R. A., Sohag, K., Abdullah, S. M. S. & Jaafar, M. (2015). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 594-601.
  • Boulatoff, C. & Jenkins, M. (2010). Long-term nexus between openness, income, and environmental quality. Int. Adv. Econ. Res., 16, 410-418.
  • Bozkurt, C. & Akan, Y. (2014). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: the Turkish case. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 484-494.
  • Bozkurt, C. & İlyas, O. (2015). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi, ticari serbestleşme ve nüfus yoğunluğunun CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkileri: yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (35), 23-35.
  • Chang, C. (2010). A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China. Applied Energy, 87, 3533-3537.
  • Choi, E., Heshmati, A. & Cho, Y. (2010). An empirical study of the relationships between CO2 emissions, economic growth and openness. Iza Discussion Paper Series, No.5304, 1-24.
  • Çetin, M. & Seker, F. (2014). Ekonomik büyüme ve dış ticaretin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 21/2, 213-230.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
  • Ergün, S. & Polat, M. A. (2015). OECD ülkelerinde CO2 emisyonu, elektrik tüketimi ve büyüme ilişkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 45, 115–141.
  • Farhani, S. & Jaleleddine, B. R. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissionas: evidence from panel data for MENA region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2 (2), 71-81.
  • Farhani S., Chaibi, A. & Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426-434.
  • Grossman, G. M, & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Working paper 3914, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
  • Grossman, Gene. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2), 353-77.
  • Halıcıoglu, F. (2008). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164.
  • Hossain, S. M. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39 (11), 6991- 6999.
  • Jalil, A. & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. energy policy, 37 (12), 5167-5172.
  • Kasman, A. & Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97-103.
  • Kasperowicz, R. (2015). Economic growth and CO2 emissions: The ECM Analysis. Journal of International Studies, 8(3), 91-98.
  • Kukla-Gryz, A. (2009). Economic growth, international trade and air pollution: A decomposition analysis. Ecological Economics, 68, 1329‐1339.
  • Kuznets S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 49, 1-28.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Enegy Economics, 33, 257-263.
  • Naranpanawa, A. (2011). Does trade openness promote carbon emissions? empirical evidence from Sri Lanka. The Empirical Economics Letters, 10 (10), 974-986.
  • Nasir, M. & Faiz, U. R. (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39, 1857–1864.
  • Öztürk, İ. & Acaravcı, A. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 3220-3225.
  • Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2010). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7850-7860.
  • Panayotou, T. (2003). Economics growth and environment. Economic Survey of Euope, 2, 45-72.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J. & Mohd, S. (2012). Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: A cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Energy Policy, 51,184-191.
  • Selden, T. & Daqing, M., S. (1994). Environmental quality and development: is there a Kuznets Curve for air pollution emissions? Journal of Environmental Economics and Managment, 27, 147-162.
  • Shafik, N. & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross- country evidence. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 1- 50.
  • Soytaş, U. & Ramazan, S. (2009). Energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: challenges faced by an EU candidate member. Ecological Economics, 68, 1667-1675.
  • Tay, B. A. & Koç, Y. A. (2016). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: doğrusal olmayan eşbütünleşme analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16 (4), 31-45.
  • Topallı, N. (2016). CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Hindistan, Çin, Brezilya ve Güney Afrika için panel veri analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 1, 427-447.
  • Wang S., Zhou D., Zhou P. & Wang Q. (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 4870-4875.
  • World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2018).
  • World Energy Outlook 2014, www.iea.Org, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2018).
  • World Energy Outlook 2016, www.iea.Org, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2018).
  • Yazdi, S. K. & Mastorakis, N. (2014). Renewable, CO2 emissions, trade openness, and economic growth in Iran. Latest Trend in Energy, Enviroment and Development, 25, 360-370.
  • Zaman, R. (2012). CO2 emissions, trade openness and GDP percapita: Bangladesh perspective. Munich Personal Repec Arcieve, No.48515, 1-38.
  • Zeb, R., Salar, L., Awan, U., Zaman, K. & Shahbaz, M. (2014). Causal links between renewable energy, environmental degradation and economic growth in selected SAARC countries: progress towards green economy. Renewable Energy, 71, 123-132.
  • Zeren, F. (2015). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların CO2 emisyonuna etkisi: kirlilik hale hipotezi mi kirlilik cenneti hipotezi mi? Journal of Yasar University, 10 (37), 6381-6477.
  • Zhang, X. P. & Xiao-Mei, C. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68, 2706-2712.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Yılmaz 0000-0003-1668-7604

İlkay Dilber Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, M., & Dilber, İ. (2020). ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ, EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE DIŞ TİCARET AÇIKLIĞININ CO2 EMİSYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: ARDL SINIR TESTİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 459-475. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.514374