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GERARD WİNSTANLEY: DİGGER HAREKETİ, ÖZGÜRLÜK ANLAYIŞI VE İDEAL DEVLET DÜZENİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1046 - 1075, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1616128

Öz

Bu çalışma Gerard Winstanley’in siyasal düşüncesi ve Digger hareketini Winstanley’in özgürlük anlayışı ve ideal devlet düzenine odaklanarak incelemektedir. İngiliz iç savaşları ve İngiliz devrimi sırasında Digger hareketi komünal toprak sahipliği ve sosyal eşitlik talebiyle radikal bir grup olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İdeolojilerinin temelinde Winstanley’in Norman fethi sonrasında kurulan ve halkı yoksulluğa ve köleliğe mahkum eden sosyo-ekonomik sistem eleştirisi vardır. Kendilerini gerçek Levellers olarak tanımlayan Digger mensupları, Norman fethinden önce var olduğuna inandıkları ‘doğa durumunu’ geri getirmeyi amaçlayarak George Hill'de ortak tarım faaliyetleri başlatmıştır. Ortak alanların yeniden ihdası ve bu alanlarda yoksulların ortak tarım faaliyeti yaparak hem bu topraklardan faydalanılması hem de yoksullara refah kazandırmayı amaçlamıştır. Winstanley’in özgürlük anlayışı mülkiyet sahipliğinin olmadığı, insanların dünyadan özgürce faydalandığı komünist bir toplumla bağlantılıdır. Bu çalışma Winstanley’in teorik çerçevesini, düşüncelerinin tarihsel bağlamını ve Digger hareketinin bu düşünceleri hayata geçirmek adına giriştikleri mücadeleyi araştırmaktadır. Digger hareketi başarısız olmasına karşın dönemlerinin mülkiyet ilişkilerine ciddi bir eleştiri getirerek mevcut toplumsal düzene radikal bir alternatif sunmuştur. Birincil kaynakların yorumsamacı yöntem kullanılarak yorumlandığı ve mevcut akademik çalışmaların incelendiği bu çalışma, Winstanley'in fikirlerinin mülkiyet, eşitlik ve toplumsal adalet hakkındaki çağdaş tartışmalar için farklı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, özgürlük anlayışının temellendirilmesinde mülkiyet kavramıyla doğrudan bağ kurulduğunu ve Winstanley’in bu bağı ideal devlet tasarımı sunarak hayata geçirmeye çalıştığı sonucuna varmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Berktay, H. (1989). Kabileden feodalizme. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Berlin, I. (2002). Liberty. H. Hardy (Ed.), Liberty reader içinde (s. 3-282). Oxford University Press.
  • Bernstein, E. (1980). Cromwell and communism socialism and democracy in the great English revolution (H. J. Stenning, Çev.). Spokesman.
  • Black, J. (2020). İngiltere tarihi (A. Yıldız, Çev.). Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bradstock, A. ve Taylor, G. (2003). Essays on political thought. The Davenant Press.
  • Brailsford, H. N. (1961). The Levellers and the English revolution (C. Hill, Ed.). Stanford University Press.
  • D. Maas, K. (2023). Church and state in enlightenment Europe. S. Helzor (Ed.), The palgrave handbook of religion and state volume II içinde (ss. 55-76). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Davis, J. C. (2017). Alternative worlds imagined, 1500–1700 essays on radicalism, utopianism and reality. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ducrocq, M.-I. (2016). The debate on property during the first English revolution 1647-1659: A Historical Perspective. Miranda, 13, 1-13.
  • Dyer, C. (2006). Conflict in the landscape: the enclosure movement in England, 1220–1349. Landscape History, 28(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2006.10594578
  • Firth, C. H. (Ed.). (1894). The Clarke papers. selections from the papers of William Clarke (C. 2). Camden Society. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/firth-the-clarke-papers-selections-from-the-papers-of-william-clarke-vol-2
  • Grotius, H. (2005). The rights of war and peace. R. Tuck (Ed.), The rights of war and peace. Liberty Fund.
  • Gurney, J. (2007). Brave community the Digger movement in the English revolution. Manchester University Press.
  • Gurney, J. (2012). Gerrard Winstanley’s the law of freedom: context and continuity. M. A. Ramiro Avilés ve J. C. Davis (Ed.), Utopian moments reading utopian texts içinde (ss. 47-52). Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Gurney, J. (2013). Gerard Winstanley the Digger’s life and legacy. Pluto Press.
  • Halliday, P. D. (2021). England’s human rights revolution, 1646–52. P. D. Halliday, E. Hubbard, ve S. Sowerby (Ed.), Revolutionising politics içinde (ss. 121-141). Manchester University Press.
  • Harrington, J. (1992). The commonwealth of Oceana and a system of politics (J. G. A. Pocock, Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Heater, D. (2006). Citizenship in Britain. Edinburg University Press.
  • Hill, C. (1980). Some intellectual consequences of the English revolution. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Hill, C. (1983). Winstanley: “the law of freedom’ and other writings. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hill, C. (1991). The world turned upside down radical ideas during the English revolution. Penguin Books.
  • Hill, C. (2016). İngiltere’de devrim çağı 1603-1714 (U. Kocabaşoğlu, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hobbes, T. (1996). Leviathan (J. C. A. Gaskin, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Juretic, G. (1975). Digger no millenarian: the revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 263-280.
  • Kennedy, G. (2008). Diggers, Levellers and agrarian capitalism: radical political thought in seventeenth century England. Lexington Books.
  • Kennedy, G. (2013). Freemen, free labor, and republican discourses of liberty in early modern England. Contributions to the History of Concepts, 8(2), 25-44.
  • Kishlansky, M. (1996). A monarchy transformed: Britain 1603–1714. Penguin.
  • Kutlu, A. (2024). Yeni çağ siyaset felsefesinde fetih hakkı sorunsalı. FLSF (Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi), 39, 347-376.
  • Lilburne, J., Walwyn, W., Prince, T., ve Overton, R. (1944). An agreement of the free people of England. Don. M. Wolfe (Ed.), Leveller manifestoes of the puritan revolution içinde (ss. 400-410). Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  • Lilburne, J., Walwyn, W., Prince, T., ve Overton, R. (2004). An agreement of the free people of England. A. Sharp (Ed.), The English Levellers içinde (ss. 168-179). Cambridge University Press.
  • Macpherson, C. B. (1962). The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke. Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, B. Jr. (2012). Diktatörlüğün ve demokrasinin toplumsal kökenleri çağdaş dünyanın yaratılmasında soylunun ve köylünün rolü (Ş. Tekeli ve A. Şenel, Çev.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Morton, A. L. (1976). A people’s history of England. Lawrence & Wishart LTD. Murphy, W. F. (1957). The political philosophy of Gerrard Winstanley. The Review of Politics, 19(2), 214-238.
  • Overton, R. (1646). An arrow against all tyrants and tyranny. Early English Books Text Creation Partnership. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A90228.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
  • Overton, R. (1944). An appeale from the degenerate representative body. Don. M. Wolfe (Ed.), Leveller manifestoes of the puritan revolution içinde (ss. 154-196). Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  • Pettit, P. (1998). Cumhuriyetçilik: bir özgürlük ve yönetim teorisi (A. Yılmaz, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. Pocock, J. G. A. (1987). The ancient constitution and the feudal law. Cambridge University Press.
  • Prasch, T. (1994). The making of an English working past: the rediscovery of Gerrard Winstanley and late Victorian English radicalism. The Wordsworth Circle, 24(3), 166-172.
  • Sabine, G. H. (1941). The works of Gerard Winstanley. Cornell University Press.
  • Skinner, Q. (1998). Liberty before liberalism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Skinner, Q. (2006). Rethinking political liberty. History Workshop Journal, 61(1), 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi054
  • Skinner, Q. (2019). Civil liberty and fundamental rights: a Neo-Roman approach. Workshop on Law, Philosophy, and Political Theory.
  • Uslu, A. (2022). Siyasal düşüncelerin toplumsal tarihi 2 özgürlük, güvenlik ve birey (1300-1789). Yordam Kitap. Webb, D. (2003). Contract, covenant and class-consciousness: Gerrard Winstanley and the broken promises of the English revolution. History of Political Thought, 24(4), 577-598.
  • Webb, D. (2004). The bitter product of defeat? Reflections on Winstanley’s law of freedom. Political Studies, 52, 199-215.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941a). A letter to the Lord Fairfax and his councell of war. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard
  • Winstanley içinde (ss. 279-292). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941b). A watch-word to the city of London and the armie. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard
  • Winstanley içinde (ss. 315-339). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941c). An appeal to the House of Commons. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 301-314). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941d). An appeale to all Englishmen. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The Works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 405-415). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941e). The law of freedome in a platform: Or true magistracy restored. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 501-600). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941f). The new law of rigteousnes. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 147-244). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941g). The True Levellers standard advanced. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 245-266). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009a). A new-yeer’s gift for the parliament and armie [1650]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 107-160). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009b). An appeale to all Englishmen [1650]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 243-254). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009c). The law of freedom in a platform [1651]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 278-404). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G., Everard, W., Clifford, C., ve Barker, J. (2009). A declaration to the powers of England; the True Levellers standard advanced [1649]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard
  • Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 1-30). Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, E. M., ve Wood, N. (2008). İsyan borusu kapitalizmin yükselişi ve siyasal teori 1509-1688 (F. Bakırcı, Çev.). Epos Yayınları.
  • Worcester, K. (2010). The meaning and legacy of the Magna Carta. PS - Political Science and Politics, 43(3), 451-456.
  • Wordie, J. R. (1983). The chronology of English enclosure, 1500-1914. The Economic History Review, 36(4), 483-505.
  • Zabcı, F. (2009). John Locke: liberalizmin düşüncedeki öncüsü. M. A. Ağaoğulları, F. Zabcı, ve R. Ergün (Ed.), Kral-devletten ulus-devlete içinde (ss. 101-232). İmge Kitabevi.

GERARD WINSTANLEY: THE DIGGER MOVEMENT, THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM AND THE IDEAL STATE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 1046 - 1075, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1616128

Öz

This study investigates Gerard Winstanley's political philosophy and the Digger movement, emphasising on his ideal society and freedom. The Digger movement promoted communal land and social equality during the English civil wars. Their outlook was based on Winstanley's criticism of the Norman conquest's socio-economic system, which he said impoverished and enslaved the inhabitants. Diggers, who considered themselves True Levellers, started communal farming at George Hill to restore the ‘state of nature’ they believed existed before the Norman Conquest. He wanted to use these lands to improve the impoverished population's well-being by restoring communal fields and facilitating collective farming. Winstanley's notion of freedom is exemplified in a communist society, characterised by the absence of private property and the freedom for individuals to fully enjoy the world. Winstanley's theoretical framework, the historical context of his ideas, and the Digger movement's struggles are examined in this study. This study employs an interpretive approach to analyse primary sources and analyse existing academic literature, providing an alternative viewpoint on current debates over property, equality, and social justice via the lens of Winstanley's concepts. This paper asserts that there is a clear connection between the idea of property and the foundation of the concept of liberty. Furthermore, it argues that Winstanley tries to establish this connection by proposing an ideal state design.

Kaynakça

  • Berktay, H. (1989). Kabileden feodalizme. Kaynak Yayınları.
  • Berlin, I. (2002). Liberty. H. Hardy (Ed.), Liberty reader içinde (s. 3-282). Oxford University Press.
  • Bernstein, E. (1980). Cromwell and communism socialism and democracy in the great English revolution (H. J. Stenning, Çev.). Spokesman.
  • Black, J. (2020). İngiltere tarihi (A. Yıldız, Çev.). Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Bradstock, A. ve Taylor, G. (2003). Essays on political thought. The Davenant Press.
  • Brailsford, H. N. (1961). The Levellers and the English revolution (C. Hill, Ed.). Stanford University Press.
  • D. Maas, K. (2023). Church and state in enlightenment Europe. S. Helzor (Ed.), The palgrave handbook of religion and state volume II içinde (ss. 55-76). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Davis, J. C. (2017). Alternative worlds imagined, 1500–1700 essays on radicalism, utopianism and reality. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ducrocq, M.-I. (2016). The debate on property during the first English revolution 1647-1659: A Historical Perspective. Miranda, 13, 1-13.
  • Dyer, C. (2006). Conflict in the landscape: the enclosure movement in England, 1220–1349. Landscape History, 28(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2006.10594578
  • Firth, C. H. (Ed.). (1894). The Clarke papers. selections from the papers of William Clarke (C. 2). Camden Society. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/firth-the-clarke-papers-selections-from-the-papers-of-william-clarke-vol-2
  • Grotius, H. (2005). The rights of war and peace. R. Tuck (Ed.), The rights of war and peace. Liberty Fund.
  • Gurney, J. (2007). Brave community the Digger movement in the English revolution. Manchester University Press.
  • Gurney, J. (2012). Gerrard Winstanley’s the law of freedom: context and continuity. M. A. Ramiro Avilés ve J. C. Davis (Ed.), Utopian moments reading utopian texts içinde (ss. 47-52). Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Gurney, J. (2013). Gerard Winstanley the Digger’s life and legacy. Pluto Press.
  • Halliday, P. D. (2021). England’s human rights revolution, 1646–52. P. D. Halliday, E. Hubbard, ve S. Sowerby (Ed.), Revolutionising politics içinde (ss. 121-141). Manchester University Press.
  • Harrington, J. (1992). The commonwealth of Oceana and a system of politics (J. G. A. Pocock, Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Heater, D. (2006). Citizenship in Britain. Edinburg University Press.
  • Hill, C. (1980). Some intellectual consequences of the English revolution. The University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Hill, C. (1983). Winstanley: “the law of freedom’ and other writings. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hill, C. (1991). The world turned upside down radical ideas during the English revolution. Penguin Books.
  • Hill, C. (2016). İngiltere’de devrim çağı 1603-1714 (U. Kocabaşoğlu, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Hobbes, T. (1996). Leviathan (J. C. A. Gaskin, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Juretic, G. (1975). Digger no millenarian: the revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 263-280.
  • Kennedy, G. (2008). Diggers, Levellers and agrarian capitalism: radical political thought in seventeenth century England. Lexington Books.
  • Kennedy, G. (2013). Freemen, free labor, and republican discourses of liberty in early modern England. Contributions to the History of Concepts, 8(2), 25-44.
  • Kishlansky, M. (1996). A monarchy transformed: Britain 1603–1714. Penguin.
  • Kutlu, A. (2024). Yeni çağ siyaset felsefesinde fetih hakkı sorunsalı. FLSF (Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi), 39, 347-376.
  • Lilburne, J., Walwyn, W., Prince, T., ve Overton, R. (1944). An agreement of the free people of England. Don. M. Wolfe (Ed.), Leveller manifestoes of the puritan revolution içinde (ss. 400-410). Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  • Lilburne, J., Walwyn, W., Prince, T., ve Overton, R. (2004). An agreement of the free people of England. A. Sharp (Ed.), The English Levellers içinde (ss. 168-179). Cambridge University Press.
  • Macpherson, C. B. (1962). The political theory of possessive individualism: Hobbes to Locke. Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, B. Jr. (2012). Diktatörlüğün ve demokrasinin toplumsal kökenleri çağdaş dünyanın yaratılmasında soylunun ve köylünün rolü (Ş. Tekeli ve A. Şenel, Çev.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Morton, A. L. (1976). A people’s history of England. Lawrence & Wishart LTD. Murphy, W. F. (1957). The political philosophy of Gerrard Winstanley. The Review of Politics, 19(2), 214-238.
  • Overton, R. (1646). An arrow against all tyrants and tyranny. Early English Books Text Creation Partnership. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A90228.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext
  • Overton, R. (1944). An appeale from the degenerate representative body. Don. M. Wolfe (Ed.), Leveller manifestoes of the puritan revolution içinde (ss. 154-196). Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  • Pettit, P. (1998). Cumhuriyetçilik: bir özgürlük ve yönetim teorisi (A. Yılmaz, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. Pocock, J. G. A. (1987). The ancient constitution and the feudal law. Cambridge University Press.
  • Prasch, T. (1994). The making of an English working past: the rediscovery of Gerrard Winstanley and late Victorian English radicalism. The Wordsworth Circle, 24(3), 166-172.
  • Sabine, G. H. (1941). The works of Gerard Winstanley. Cornell University Press.
  • Skinner, Q. (1998). Liberty before liberalism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Skinner, Q. (2006). Rethinking political liberty. History Workshop Journal, 61(1), 156-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi054
  • Skinner, Q. (2019). Civil liberty and fundamental rights: a Neo-Roman approach. Workshop on Law, Philosophy, and Political Theory.
  • Uslu, A. (2022). Siyasal düşüncelerin toplumsal tarihi 2 özgürlük, güvenlik ve birey (1300-1789). Yordam Kitap. Webb, D. (2003). Contract, covenant and class-consciousness: Gerrard Winstanley and the broken promises of the English revolution. History of Political Thought, 24(4), 577-598.
  • Webb, D. (2004). The bitter product of defeat? Reflections on Winstanley’s law of freedom. Political Studies, 52, 199-215.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941a). A letter to the Lord Fairfax and his councell of war. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard
  • Winstanley içinde (ss. 279-292). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941b). A watch-word to the city of London and the armie. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard
  • Winstanley içinde (ss. 315-339). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941c). An appeal to the House of Commons. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 301-314). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941d). An appeale to all Englishmen. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The Works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 405-415). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941e). The law of freedome in a platform: Or true magistracy restored. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 501-600). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941f). The new law of rigteousnes. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 147-244). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (1941g). The True Levellers standard advanced. G. H. Sabine (Ed.), The works of Gerard Winstanley içinde (ss. 245-266). Cornell University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009a). A new-yeer’s gift for the parliament and armie [1650]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 107-160). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009b). An appeale to all Englishmen [1650]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 243-254). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G. (2009c). The law of freedom in a platform [1651]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 278-404). Oxford University Press.
  • Winstanley, G., Everard, W., Clifford, C., ve Barker, J. (2009). A declaration to the powers of England; the True Levellers standard advanced [1649]. T. N. Corns, A. Hughes, ve D. Loewenstein (Ed.), The complete works of Gerrard
  • Winstanley: C. II içinde (ss. 1-30). Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, E. M., ve Wood, N. (2008). İsyan borusu kapitalizmin yükselişi ve siyasal teori 1509-1688 (F. Bakırcı, Çev.). Epos Yayınları.
  • Worcester, K. (2010). The meaning and legacy of the Magna Carta. PS - Political Science and Politics, 43(3), 451-456.
  • Wordie, J. R. (1983). The chronology of English enclosure, 1500-1914. The Economic History Review, 36(4), 483-505.
  • Zabcı, F. (2009). John Locke: liberalizmin düşüncedeki öncüsü. M. A. Ağaoğulları, F. Zabcı, ve R. Ergün (Ed.), Kral-devletten ulus-devlete içinde (ss. 101-232). İmge Kitabevi.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Felsefesi, 17. Yüzyıl Felsefesi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Çelen 0000-0002-4853-228X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelen, G. (2025). GERARD WİNSTANLEY: DİGGER HAREKETİ, ÖZGÜRLÜK ANLAYIŞI VE İDEAL DEVLET DÜZENİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(3), 1046-1075. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1616128