Araştırma Makalesi
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NIPPURLU YOKSUL ADAM MASALI ÜZERINE BIR DEĞERLENDIRME

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 37, 33 - 53, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1455389

Öz

Eski Mezopotamya kaynakları, yazıldıkları dönemin sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel durumuna göre doğrudan ya da dolaylı yoldan bilgi sağlamaktaydı. Eski Mezopotamya toplumsal yapısına dair bilgiler ise genellikle dolaylı yoldan aktarılan verilerden sağlanmaktadır. Metinlerin bir kısmında elde edilen bilgiler, toplumdaki gelir dağılımındaki eşitsizlik, adaletsizlik, toplumsal hiyerarşi, kraliyete bağlı görevlilerin görevlerini kötüye kullanımı ve toplumsal yozlaşmaya ile ilgilidir. Bahsi geçen problemlerle ilgili olarak bilgi sağlayan bir kaynak da Nippurlu yoksul adam masalıdır. Masal, Nippur’da yaşayan haksızlığa uğrayan yoksul ve aciz bir adamın hikâyesini konu almaktadır. Masalın başkahramanı, uğradığı haksızlığa karşı intikam alma girişiminde bulunmuş, bu süreçte türlü kurnazlıkla amacına ulaşmaya çalışmıştır. Konu kapsamında, metaforik yöntemlerle dönemin toplum yapısına ışık tutan metin, bozulmuş düzeni dolaylı yoldan eleştirmektedir. Masalda karakterler üzerinden sağlanan ironi ağırlıkla olmakla beraber metinde, hiciv ve mizah yöntemiyle bir eleştiri yapılmıştır. Hiciv ve mizahi yönü ile değerlendirildiğinde metnin, günümüze kadar gelen bir başka örneği bulunmamıştır. Bu açıdan oldukça spesifik bir metindir. Bu çalışma, Eski Mezopotamya Edebiyatında nadir görülen bir tür olan toplumsal hicvin yer aldığı Nippurlu yoksul adam masalı ve masalın alegorik yorumlanması üzerine odaklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Apte, M. L. (1985) Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Cornell University Press.
  • CAD, Biggs, R. & Brinkman J. & Civil, M., Farber, W.(2008). T, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Briknman, J.,& Civil, M., Reiner, E. (1989). Š. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Gelb, I. & Landsberger, B. & Oppenheim, L. & Reiner, E. (1965). B. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Oppenheim A. L.& Ignace & J. Gelb,& Landsberger, B. & Reiner E. (Ed.) (1964). A. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • Carrel, A. (2008). Historical Views of Humor. In V. Raskin (Ed.). The Primer of Human Research (ss. 303-333). Mouton de Gruyter
  • Cebeci, O. (2008). Komik Edebi Türler: Parodi, Satir ve İroni. İthaki Yayınları.
  • Colebrook, C. (2004), Irony. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cooper, J. S. (1975). Structure, Humor, and Satire in the Poor Man of Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 27(3), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359242
  • D’Agostino, F. (1998). Some Considerations on Humour in Mesopotamia. Rivista degli studi orientali, 72 (1/4), 273-278.
  • D’Agostino, F. (2000). Testi Umoristici Babilonesi e Assiri. Data di pubblicazione.
  • Dietrich, M. (2009). Armer Mann von Nippur: ein Werk der Krisenliteratur des 8. Jh. v. Chr. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 106, 333-352.
  • E. Frahm (1998). Humor in assyrischen Königsinschriften. In J. Prosecký (Ed.), Intellectual life of the ancient Near East: Papers presented at the 43rd Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Prague, July 1-5, 1996. (ss. 147-162), Oriental Inst.
  • E. Frahm (2008). Babylonischer Humor. In J. Marzahn & G. Schauerte (Ed.), Babylon. Mythos und Wahrheit: 1 Wahrheit- Eine Ausstellung des Vorderasiatischen Museums, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin mit Unterstützung der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (ss. 463-464), Hirmer.
  • Ellis, M. (1974). A New Fragment of the Poor Man of Nippur. Journal Cuneiform Studies, 26 (2), 88-89.
  • Fırat, T. E. (2019). Postmodern Bağlamda Parodi, İroni ve Absürd’ün Zaytung Örneğinde Yeniden Üretimine İlişkin Bir İçerik Analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 426-438.
  • Finet, A. (1992). Les Trois Vengeances du Pauvre Home de Nippur: Conte babylonien. In M. Broze & Talon P. (Eds.) L’atelier de l’orfe‘vre: Me’langes offerts a‘ Ph. Derchain (ss. 87-106), Broché.
  • Foster, B. R. (1974). Humor and Cuneiform Literature. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 6 (1) 69-85.
  • Freud, S. (1976). Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewusstenn, Leipzig.
  • George, A. R. (1993). Ninurta-Pāqidāt’s Dog Bite, and Notes on Other Comic Tales. Iraq, 55, 63-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200367
  • Gordon, E. (1959). Sumerian Proverbs: Glimpses of Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. The University Museum of Pennsylvania.
  • Grayson, A. (1993). Assyrian Civilization. CAH, 3(2), 194-228.
  • Gurney, O. R. (1956). The Sultantepe Tablets (Continued). V. The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Anatolian Studies, 6, 145-164. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642407
  • Gurney, O. R. (1972). The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur and its Folktale Parallels. Anatolian Studies, 22, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642559.
  • Heinz, M. (2008). Die Reprasentation der Macht un die Macht der Reprasentation in Zeiten Politischen UmbruchsRebillon in Mesopotamien, BRILL
  • Huyugüzel, Ö. F. (2018). Eleştiri Terimleri Aözlüğü. Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Jaques, M., & Kipfer, S. (2017). The Discourse on Emotion in Ancient Mesopotamia: A Theoretical Approach. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, (285), 185-205.
  • Jason, H. (1979). The Poor Man of Nippur: an Ethnopoetic Analysis. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 31(4), 189-215. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359751
  • Karaalioğlu, S. K. (1983). Ansiklopedik Edebiyat Sözluğü. İnkılap ve Aka Yayınları.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2009), İroni Kavramı: Sokrates’e Yoğun Göndermelerle. (Çev. S. Okur), İmge Kitabevi.
  • Koç, O. (2015). Komik Olanın Peşinde: Parodi. Türk Dili, Kasım-Aralık, 109, (767-768), 233-238.
  • Koestler, A. (1997). Mizah Yaratma Eylemi, (Çev. S. Kabakçıoğlu & Ö. Kabakçıoğlu) İris Yayınevi.
  • Kramer, S. N. (1999). Sümer Mitolojisi (Çev. H. Koyukan), Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2002). Sumerler (Çev. Ö. Buze), Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Lenzi, A. (2020). An Introduction to Akkadian Literature: Contexts and Content. Penn State Press.
  • Milano, L. (1998). Aspects of Meat Consumption in Mesopotamia and the food Paradigm of the Poor Man of Nippur. State Archives of Assyria/Bulletin, 12 (2), 111-127.
  • Noegel, S. B. (1996). Wordplay in the Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Acta Sumerologica Japonica, 18, 169-186.
  • Ottervanger, B. (2016). The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Postgate, J. N. (1980). The Place of the šaknu in Assyrian Government. Anatolian Studies, 30, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642778
  • Raskin, V., Ruch, W., & Raskin, V. (Eds.). (2008). The primer of humor research. Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Reiner, E. (1986). Why do you cuss me?. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 130(1), 1-6.
  • Rumor, M. (2017). There’s no Fool Like an Old Fool: The Mesopotamian Aluzinnu and its Relationship to the Greek Alazôn. KASKAL: Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico, 14, 187-210.
  • Schneider, B. (2022). Nippur: City of Enlil and Ninurta. In C. Bonnet vd. (Ed.), Proceedings of the MAP-Conference, Toulouse, (ss. 745-762), De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110798432-039
  • Sibbing-Plantholt, I. (2022). The Image of Mesopotamian Divine Healers: Healing Goddesses and the Legitimization of Professional Asûs in the Mesopotamian Medical Marketplace. Brill.
  • Speiser, E. A. (1957). Sultantepe Tablet 38 73 and Enūma Eliš III 69. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 11(2), 43-44.
  • Tarasewicz, R. (2012). On the Hazannu in the Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods. Palamedes: A Journal of Ancient History, 7, 25-42. https://doi.org/10.4000/abstractairanica.41591.
  • Veldhuis, N. (2021). Religion, Literature, and Scholarship: The Sumerian Composition Nanše and the Birds. Brill.
  • Yardımcı, İ. (2010). Mizah Kavramı ve Sanattaki Yeri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.12780/UUSBD69

An Assessment on the tale of the poor man of Nippur

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 37, 33 - 53, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1455389

Öz

Ancient Mesopotamian sources provided information directly or indirectly according to the social, political, economic and cultural situation of the period in which they were written. Information on the social structure of ancient Mesopotamia is generally obtained from indirectly transmitted information. The information obtained from some of the texts is related to inequality in income distribution, injustice, social hierarchy, abuse of power by royal officials and social corruption. One source that provides information about the aforementioned problems is the tale of the poor man from Nippur. The tale tells the story of a poor and helpless man living in Nippur who suffered injustice. The protagonist of the tale attempted to take revenge against the injustice he suffered, and in this process he tried to achieve his goal with various cunning. Within the scope of the subject, the text sheds light on the social structure of the period through metaphorical methods and indirectly criticises the corrupt order. Although the irony provided through the characters in the tale is predominant, a criticism is made through satire and humour in the text. When evaluated in terms of satire and humour, there is no other example of the text that has survived to the present day. In this respect, it is a very specific text. This study focuses on the tale of the poor man of Nippur and its allegorical interpretation, in which social satire, which is a rare genre in Ancient Mesopotamian Literature, takes place.

Kaynakça

  • Apte, M. L. (1985) Humor and Laughter: An Anthropological Approach. Cornell University Press.
  • CAD, Biggs, R. & Brinkman J. & Civil, M., Farber, W.(2008). T, The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Briknman, J.,& Civil, M., Reiner, E. (1989). Š. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Gelb, I. & Landsberger, B. & Oppenheim, L. & Reiner, E. (1965). B. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • CAD, Oppenheim A. L.& Ignace & J. Gelb,& Landsberger, B. & Reiner E. (Ed.) (1964). A. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. The Oriental Institute.
  • Carrel, A. (2008). Historical Views of Humor. In V. Raskin (Ed.). The Primer of Human Research (ss. 303-333). Mouton de Gruyter
  • Cebeci, O. (2008). Komik Edebi Türler: Parodi, Satir ve İroni. İthaki Yayınları.
  • Colebrook, C. (2004), Irony. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cooper, J. S. (1975). Structure, Humor, and Satire in the Poor Man of Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 27(3), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359242
  • D’Agostino, F. (1998). Some Considerations on Humour in Mesopotamia. Rivista degli studi orientali, 72 (1/4), 273-278.
  • D’Agostino, F. (2000). Testi Umoristici Babilonesi e Assiri. Data di pubblicazione.
  • Dietrich, M. (2009). Armer Mann von Nippur: ein Werk der Krisenliteratur des 8. Jh. v. Chr. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 106, 333-352.
  • E. Frahm (1998). Humor in assyrischen Königsinschriften. In J. Prosecký (Ed.), Intellectual life of the ancient Near East: Papers presented at the 43rd Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Prague, July 1-5, 1996. (ss. 147-162), Oriental Inst.
  • E. Frahm (2008). Babylonischer Humor. In J. Marzahn & G. Schauerte (Ed.), Babylon. Mythos und Wahrheit: 1 Wahrheit- Eine Ausstellung des Vorderasiatischen Museums, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin mit Unterstützung der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin (ss. 463-464), Hirmer.
  • Ellis, M. (1974). A New Fragment of the Poor Man of Nippur. Journal Cuneiform Studies, 26 (2), 88-89.
  • Fırat, T. E. (2019). Postmodern Bağlamda Parodi, İroni ve Absürd’ün Zaytung Örneğinde Yeniden Üretimine İlişkin Bir İçerik Analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 426-438.
  • Finet, A. (1992). Les Trois Vengeances du Pauvre Home de Nippur: Conte babylonien. In M. Broze & Talon P. (Eds.) L’atelier de l’orfe‘vre: Me’langes offerts a‘ Ph. Derchain (ss. 87-106), Broché.
  • Foster, B. R. (1974). Humor and Cuneiform Literature. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 6 (1) 69-85.
  • Freud, S. (1976). Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewusstenn, Leipzig.
  • George, A. R. (1993). Ninurta-Pāqidāt’s Dog Bite, and Notes on Other Comic Tales. Iraq, 55, 63-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200367
  • Gordon, E. (1959). Sumerian Proverbs: Glimpses of Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. The University Museum of Pennsylvania.
  • Grayson, A. (1993). Assyrian Civilization. CAH, 3(2), 194-228.
  • Gurney, O. R. (1956). The Sultantepe Tablets (Continued). V. The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Anatolian Studies, 6, 145-164. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642407
  • Gurney, O. R. (1972). The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur and its Folktale Parallels. Anatolian Studies, 22, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642559.
  • Heinz, M. (2008). Die Reprasentation der Macht un die Macht der Reprasentation in Zeiten Politischen UmbruchsRebillon in Mesopotamien, BRILL
  • Huyugüzel, Ö. F. (2018). Eleştiri Terimleri Aözlüğü. Dergâh Yayınları.
  • Jaques, M., & Kipfer, S. (2017). The Discourse on Emotion in Ancient Mesopotamia: A Theoretical Approach. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, (285), 185-205.
  • Jason, H. (1979). The Poor Man of Nippur: an Ethnopoetic Analysis. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 31(4), 189-215. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359751
  • Karaalioğlu, S. K. (1983). Ansiklopedik Edebiyat Sözluğü. İnkılap ve Aka Yayınları.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2009), İroni Kavramı: Sokrates’e Yoğun Göndermelerle. (Çev. S. Okur), İmge Kitabevi.
  • Koç, O. (2015). Komik Olanın Peşinde: Parodi. Türk Dili, Kasım-Aralık, 109, (767-768), 233-238.
  • Koestler, A. (1997). Mizah Yaratma Eylemi, (Çev. S. Kabakçıoğlu & Ö. Kabakçıoğlu) İris Yayınevi.
  • Kramer, S. N. (1999). Sümer Mitolojisi (Çev. H. Koyukan), Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Kramer, S. N. (2002). Sumerler (Çev. Ö. Buze), Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Lenzi, A. (2020). An Introduction to Akkadian Literature: Contexts and Content. Penn State Press.
  • Milano, L. (1998). Aspects of Meat Consumption in Mesopotamia and the food Paradigm of the Poor Man of Nippur. State Archives of Assyria/Bulletin, 12 (2), 111-127.
  • Noegel, S. B. (1996). Wordplay in the Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Acta Sumerologica Japonica, 18, 169-186.
  • Ottervanger, B. (2016). The Tale of the Poor Man of Nippur. Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Postgate, J. N. (1980). The Place of the šaknu in Assyrian Government. Anatolian Studies, 30, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642778
  • Raskin, V., Ruch, W., & Raskin, V. (Eds.). (2008). The primer of humor research. Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Reiner, E. (1986). Why do you cuss me?. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 130(1), 1-6.
  • Rumor, M. (2017). There’s no Fool Like an Old Fool: The Mesopotamian Aluzinnu and its Relationship to the Greek Alazôn. KASKAL: Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico, 14, 187-210.
  • Schneider, B. (2022). Nippur: City of Enlil and Ninurta. In C. Bonnet vd. (Ed.), Proceedings of the MAP-Conference, Toulouse, (ss. 745-762), De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110798432-039
  • Sibbing-Plantholt, I. (2022). The Image of Mesopotamian Divine Healers: Healing Goddesses and the Legitimization of Professional Asûs in the Mesopotamian Medical Marketplace. Brill.
  • Speiser, E. A. (1957). Sultantepe Tablet 38 73 and Enūma Eliš III 69. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 11(2), 43-44.
  • Tarasewicz, R. (2012). On the Hazannu in the Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods. Palamedes: A Journal of Ancient History, 7, 25-42. https://doi.org/10.4000/abstractairanica.41591.
  • Veldhuis, N. (2021). Religion, Literature, and Scholarship: The Sumerian Composition Nanše and the Birds. Brill.
  • Yardımcı, İ. (2010). Mizah Kavramı ve Sanattaki Yeri. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.12780/UUSBD69
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kübra Karaköz 0000-0003-3624-0332

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 17 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaköz, K. (2024). NIPPURLU YOKSUL ADAM MASALI ÜZERINE BIR DEĞERLENDIRME. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(37), 33-53. https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1455389

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)