Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood chronic kidney disease

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 169 - 176, 01.03.2013

Ahmet Midhat Elmacı

https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2013.01.0250

Öz

Cardiovascular diseases are the principal cause of mor­bidity and mortality among child and adults with chronic renal disease. Recent data demonstrate a high incidence and prevalence of traditional and uremia related cardio­vascular risk factors in children. This review summarizes the current literature on cardiovascular risk factors, mor­tality and morbidity in children with chronic kidney dis­ease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Child , chronic kidney disease , cardiovascu­lar

Çocukluk çağı kronik böbrek hastalığında kardiyovasküler risk faktörleri

Öz

Kronik böbrek hastalığı (KBH) olan çocuk ve erişkinlerde kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, mortalite ve morbiditenin baş­lıca sebebidir. Son zamanlarda elde edilen veriler çocuk­larda, geleneksel ve üremi ile ilişkili kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerinin prevalansının artmış olduğunu göstermekte­dir. Bu derlemede, KBH olan çocuklarda kardiyovasküler risk faktörleri, mortalite ve morbidite üzerine güncel litera­tür bilgileri gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk , kronik böbrek hastalığı , kar­diyovasküler

Kaynakça

• Fine RN, Whyte DA, Bodystun II. Conservative manage- ment of chronic renal inssufficiency. In: Avner ED, Har- mon WE, Niaduet P (eds). Pediatric Nephrology. 5th edn. Philadelphia USA Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004: 1296-1298.
• Flynn JT. Cardiovascular disease in children with chronic renal failure. Growth Horm IGF Res 2006:84-90.
• Chavers BM, Solid CA, Sinaiko A, et al. Diagnosis of cardiac disease in pediatric end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:1640-5.
• Poyrazoglu HM, Dusunsel R, Yikilmaz A, et al. Carotid ar- tery thickness in children and young adults with end stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:109-16.
• Chavers BM, Herzog CA. The spectrum of cardiovascular disease in children with predialysis chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2004;11:319-27.
• Parekh RS, Carroll CE, Wolfe RA, Port FK. Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kid- ney disease. J Pediatr 2002;141:191-7.
• Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, et al. Clinical and echo- cardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int 1995;47:186-92.
• Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Daniels SR. Left ventricular mass and systolic perfor- mance in pediatric patients with chronic renal failure. Cir- culation 2003;107:864-8.
• Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SM, Khoury P, Strife CF. Changes in left ventricular mass in children and adoles- cents during chronic dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:318- 23.
• Mitsnefes MM. Cardiovascular complications of pediatric chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:27-39.
• Johnstone LM, Jones CL, Grigg LE, Wilkinson JL, Walker RG, Powell HR. Left ventricular abnormalities in children, adolescents and young adults with renal disease. Kidney Int 1996;50:998-1006.
• Mitsnefes MM, Daniels SR, Schwartz SA, Khoury P, Meyer RA, Strife CF. Severe left ventricular hypertrophy in pedi- atric dialysis: prevalance and predictors. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:898-902.
• Matteucci MC, Wuhl E, Picca S, et al. Left ventricular ge- ometry in children with mild to moderate chronic renal in- sufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:218-26.
• Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Kartal J, et al. Progres- sion of left ventricular hypertrophy in children with early chronic kidney disease: 2-year follow-up study. J Pediatr 2006;149:671-5.
• Morris KP, Skinner JR, Hunter S, Couldthard MG. Cardio- vascular abnormalities in end stage renal failure: the effect of anemia or uraemia? Arch Dis Child 1994;71:119-22.
• Zoccali C, Bode-Böger S, Mallamaci F, et al. Plasma con- centration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patints with end-stage renal disease: a prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:2113-7.
• Goren A, Glaser J, Drukker A. Diastolic function in children and adolescents on dialysis and after kidney transplanta- tion: an echocardiographic assessment. Pediatr Nephrol 1993;7:725-8.
• Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Border WL, et al. Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2004;65:1461-6.
• Mitsnefes MM, Ho P-L, McEnery PT. Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol 2003 ;14:2618-22.
• Wingen AM, Fabian-Bach C, Schaefer F, Mehls O. Ran- domised multicentre study of a low-protein diet on the progression of chronic renal failure in children: European study group of nutritional treatment of chronic renal failure in childhood. Lancet 1997;349:1117-23.
• Semizel E, Çil E. Kronik Böbrek Yetersizliği Olan Hastalar- da Kardiyak Tutulum. Güncel Pediatri 2004;2:32-8.
• Warady BA, Ho M. Morbidity and mortalityin children with anemia at initiation of dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:1055-62.
• Değer SM, Reis KA. Hiperlipidemi ve Renal Hastalık- lar. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi. 2006;15:181-5.
• Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardio- vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1650-6.
• Querfeld U, Lang M, Friedrich JB, Kohl B, Fiehn W, Schär- er K. Lipoprotein (a) serum levels and apolipoprotein (a) phenotypes in children with chronic renal disease. Pediatr Res 1993;34:772-6.
• Bakkaloğlu SA. Homosistein ve Kronik Böbrek Yetmez- liği. Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi. 2002;11:68-73.
• Moustapha A, Naso A, Nahlawi M, et al. Prospective study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 1998;97:138- 41.
• Lilien M, Duran M, Hoeck KV, Poll-The BT, Schroder C. Hyperhomocysteinemia in children with renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:366-8.
• Massry S, Smogorzewski M. Mechanisms through which paratyroid hormone mediates its deleterious effects on or- gan function in uremia. Semin Nephrol 1994;14:219-31.
• Oh J, Wunsch R, Turzer M, et al. Advanced coronary and carotid arteriopathy in young adults with childhood-onset chronic renal failure. Circulation 2002;106:100-5.
• Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Kartal J, et al. Cardiac and vascular adaptation in pediatric patients with chronic kid- ney disease: role of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:2796-803.
• Sylvestre LC, Fonseca KP, Stinghen AE, Pereira AM, Men- eses RP, Pecoits-Filho R. The malnutrition and inflamma- tion axis in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:864-73.
• Balakrishnan VS, Guo D, Rao M, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in hemodialysis patients: association with comorbidity, functionality, and serum albumin. Kidney Int 2004;65:1449-1460.
• Pecoits-Filho R, Sylvestre LC, Stenvinkel P. Chronic kid- ney disease and inflammation in pediatric patients: from bench to playground. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:714-20.
• Demir M, Tonbul HZ. Son Dönem Böbrek Yetmezlikli Hastalarda Malnütrisyon-İnflamasyon-Ateroskleroz (MİA Sendromu). Türk Nefroloji Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi 2005;14:160-5.
• Tomson CRV. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal fail- ure. In: Compreherensive Clinical Nephrology. Johnson RJ, Feehally J (Eds). Mosby, 2000:1-14.
• Shishido S, Sato H. Asanuma H, et al. Unexpectedly high prevalence of pretransplant abnormal glucose tolerance in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2006;10:67-73.
• Lai HL, Kartal J, Mitsnefes M. Hyperinsulinemia in pediat- ric patients with chronic kidney disease: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:1751-6.
• Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Novel cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:77-80.
• Shinohara K, Shoji T, Emoto M, et al. Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1894-900.
• Koçak G, Atalay S, Bakkaloglu S, Ekim M, Tutar HE, Ima- moglu A. QT/corrected QT (QTc) intervals and QT/QTc dispersions in children with chronic renal failure. Int J Car- diol 1999;70:63-7.