Endocrine disruptors and their effects on puberty

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 59 - 66, 01.03.2009

Semra Çetinkaya

Öz

Endocrine disruptors and their possible impact on human health have become a topic of discussion. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are found in plastics, detergents, pesticides and industrial chemicals. Some of these persist in the environment and others do not. Some are lipophilic, sequestered in adipose tissue and secreted in milk, and others may only be present for short periods of time but at critical periods of development. Endocrine disruptors are defined as an extrogenous substance or mixture that alters the function of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny. Endocrine disruptors affect the reproductive system and they may be responsible for oligospermia, abnormality of sperm characteristics, disorders of testicular steroidogenesis, testicular atrophy, uterus weight increases and precocious puberty. In this review, we aimed to assess on exposure to endocrine disruptors and the effects of endocrine disruptors on puberty.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endocrine disruptors, puberty

Endokrin çevre bozucular ve ergenlik üzerine etkileri

Öz

Endokrin çevre bozucular ve onların insan saglıgı üzerine olası etkileri giderek tartısmaların odagı haline gelmektedir. Endokrin çevre bozan kimyasallar; plastiklerde, deterjanlarda, böcek ilaçlarında ve endüstriyel kimyasallarda bulunmaktadırlar. Bunların bazıları çevrede kalır, bazıları kalmaz. Bazıları lipofiliktir ve yag dokusunda birikir ve süte salınır, bazıları sadece kısa bir zaman için, ama gelisimin kritik bir periyodu sırasında rol alır. Endokrin çevre bozucu; endokrin sistemin çalısmasını degistiren ve sonunda saglıklı organizmada veya onun nesillerinde saglık üzerine ters etkilere neden olan, dısardan alınan madde veya bilesikler olarak tanımlanır. Endokrin çevre bozucu üreme sistemini etkiler ve oligospermi, sperm yapısında anormallik, testiküler steroidegenezde bozukluklar, testiküler atrofi, uterus boyutlarında artıs ve erken ergenlikten sorumlu olabilir. Bu derlemede endokrin çevre bozuculara maruziyeti ve onların ergenlik üzerine etkilerini degerlendirmeyi amaçladık.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endokrin çevre bozucular, ergenlik

Kaynakça

• Carson R. Silent Spring. In:Lear L, Wilson EO, eds. 40th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.
• Sullivan FM, Barlow SM. Congenital malformations and other reproductive hazards from environmental chemicals. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1979;205:91-110.
• Finkelstein JS, Mc Cully WF, MacLaughlin DT, Godine JE, Crowley WF. The mortician’s mystery. hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an embalmer. N Eng J Med 1988;318:961-5. and reversible
• Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Persp 1993;101:378-84.
• Goldman LR. New approaches for assessing the etiology and risks of developmental abnormalities from chemical exposure. Reprod Toxicol 1997;11:443-51.
• Buyukgebiz A, Bober E. Premature thelarche caused by plant growth factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003;16:237.
• Goldman JM, Laws SC, Balchak SK, Cooper RL, Kavlock RJ. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: pre-pubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid activity in the female rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2000;30:135-196.
• Stoker TE, Parks LG, Gray LE, Cooper RL. Endocrine-disrupting exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid function in the male rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations. Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee. Crit Rev Toxicol 2000;30:197–252. Prepubertal
• Teilmann G, Juul A, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Putative effects of endocrine disrupters on pubertal development in the human. Best. Practice&Research Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2002;16:105-121.
• McLachlan JA. Environmental Signaling: What Embryos and Evolution Teach Us About Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Rev 2001;22:319-341.
• Tabb MM, Blumberg B. New models of action for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20:475-482.
• Skinner MK, Anway MD. Seminiferous Cord Formation and Germ-Cell Programming: Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1061:18–32.
• Pembrey ME, Bygren LO, Kaati G,et al. and The ALSPAC Study Team. Sex-specific, male- line transgenerational responses in humans. Eur J Human Genetics 2006;14:159–166.
• Pombo M, Castro-Feijoo L. Endocrine disruptors. 2005;18(Suppl 1):1145-1155. Endocrinol Metab
• Vos JG, Dybing E, Greim HA, et al. Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2000;30:71-133.
• Toppari J, Larsen JC, Cristiansen P, et al. Male reproductive health and enviromental xenoestrogens. 1996;104:741-803. Health Persp
• Crisp TM, Clegg ED, Cooper RL, et al. Environmental endocrine disruption: an effects assesment and analysis. Environ Health Persp 1998;106(Suppl 1):11-56.
• Hansen LG. Stepping backward to improve assesment of PCB congener toxicities. Environ Health Persp 1998;106(Suppl 1):171-189.
• Blanck HM, Marcus M, Tolbert PE, et al. Age at menarche and tanner stage in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyl. Epidemiol 2000;11:641-647.
• Krtevska-Konstantinova M, Charlier C, et al. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Human Reproduction 2001;16:1020-1026.
• Vasiliu O, Muttineni J, Karmaus W. In utero exposure to organochlorines and age at menarche. Human Reproduction. 2004;19:1506- 1512.
• Colon I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environ Health Persp 2000;108:895- 900.
• Mc Kee RH. Phthalate exposure and early thelarche. Environ Health Persp 2004;112:541-543.
• Warner M, Samuels S, Mocarelli P, et al. Serum dioxin concentrations and age at menarche. Environment Health Perspect 2004;112:1289-1292.
• Gladen BC, Ragan NB, Rogan WJ. Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene. J Pediatrics 2000;136:490-496.
• Staessen JA, Nawrot T, Hond ED, et al. Renal function, cytogenetic measurements, and sexual development in adolescents in relation to environmental pollutants: a feasibility study of biomarkers. Lancet 2001;357:1660-1669.
• Selevan SG, Rice DC, Hogan KA, Euling SY, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Bethel J. Blood lead concentration and delayed puberty in girls. New Engl of Med 2003;348:1527-1536.
• Wu T, Buck GM, Mendola P. Blood lead levels and sexual maturation in U.S. girls: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,1988-94. 2003;111:737-741. Health Persp
• Brouwer A, Ahlborg UG, Van den Berg M, Birnbaum LS, Boersma ER, Bosveld B, et al. Functional aspects of developmental toxicity of polyhalogenated experimental animals and human infants. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;293:1-40. hydrocarbons in
• Den Hond E, Roels HA, Hoppenbrouwers K, et al. Sexual maturation in relation to polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons: Sharpe and Skakkebaek’s hypothesis revisited. Environ Health Persp 2002;110:771-776.
• Rylander L, Stromberg U, Hagmar L. Lowered birth weight among infants born to woman a high intake of fish contaminated with persistent organochlorine 2000;40:1255-1262. Chemosphere
• Guo YL, Lambert GH, Hsu CC, Hsu MM. Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Int Arch of Occup Environ Health 2004;77:153-8.
• Saiyed H, Dewan A, Bhatnagar V, et al. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Environ Health Persp 2003;111:1958- 1962.
• Mol NM, Sorensen N, Weihe P, et al. Spermaturia and serum hormone concentrations at the age of puberty in boys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:357-363.
• Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main dysgenesis increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001;16:972- 8. syndrome: an
• Sibbald B. US quidelines on way, but agreement on health impact of endocrine disrupters still lacking. CMAJ 1998;159:261-2.