Öz
Imam Maturidi (333/944), who is the most important follower of Abu Hanifa School and one of the most powerful figures of Ahl al-Sunnah kalam, interpreted the Surah al-Tin in Ta’wilat al-Qur’an, and drew attention to the expressions of ahsan al-taqwim and asfal al-safilin. Ahsan al-taqwim was used in the dictionaries meaning “the finest form”,and asfal al-safilin was used as meaning “the most miserable of the miserable, the lowest of the low, the deepest punishment place of hell”. It is possible to explore the clues of his world of thought by considering Maturidi's expressions on understanding and position of human. The concepts of ahsan al-taqwim and afsal al-safilin are the ones that can open windows to the answers to the questions about the existence and fitra of the human being, and the meaning/value of existence and life.
While dealing with the subject, we firstly used the original/Arabic expressions of Imam Maturidi and we mentioned his interpretation of ahsan al-taqwim and asfal al-safilin in Ta’wilat al-Qur’an in the context of the ta’wil of Surah al-Tin. Then, we searched for the position of human in the thought of Maturidi. According to this, two main categories of beings are accepted, the first of which understood to emerge later (temporally originated beings/ḥādith) and the second being eternal (qadīm/Allah). The existence of human draws the attention as a very valuable part of the world that came into being later/ḥādith. At this point, the features that determine the position of the human in the hierarchy of beings and make it valuable come into play. Because the human being described by Maturidi as the “small universe”; is addressed by Allah with the faculties of understanding and reasoning and the decisive function of free will; and is tested by Allah. The fact that man is ahsan al-taqwim is more related to these characteristics bestowed upon him and to the fact that he has pure creation (human nature/fitra). On the other hand, asfal al-safilin means the torment of hell, and the disappointment resulting from deviation from the fitra, not using mind and will properly and being defeated to human desires and moral weaknesses. Because the biggest blessing is “faith” and “righteous deeds” caused by faith; these are like the fruits of the ahsan al-taqwim where the fitra is preserved and the aql/reason and will are used correctly. The result of “faith and righteous deeds” is happiness in the hereafter, and the joy of heaven. On the contrary, “denial” and “bad deeds” caused by denial, are the biggest frustration that will lead to a pathetic fate, the torment of hell (asfal al-safilin), as a consequence of being defeated to human desires and moral weaknesses caused by the failure to preserve the pure fitra and to use aql/reason and will properly. The ahsan al-taqwim, which expresses the beginning of human’s journey of existence and emphasizes pure fitra, and the asfal al-safilin, which emerges as a result of corrupting ahsan al-taqwim, are the two concepts that give clues about Maturidi’s thought on human, and help us to comprehend his views on the meaning of human life.
In the projection presented by Maturidi regarding human, comprehension activities (nafs al-darraka), the reasoning ability, and the blessing of free will constitute the main reasons for the understanding of “the world of trials”. On the other hand, “the understanding of world of trials” instills in human to know the existence and oneness of Allah, the beauty of gratitude to Allah, and basic moral principles; and to use the possibilities offered by fitra properly. It emphasizes the belief of the Hereafter marked by the fact of death, and reminds that the main goal of human, who is created in ahsan al-taqwim, should be directed towards the Hereafter. The final destination of all humans created in the ahsan al-taqwim depends on their preferences and efforts in the world. Heaven andhell are understood as a consequence of the world of trials. In this context, the concepts ahsan al-taqwim and asfal al-safilin, which we learn through the divine revelation, gives “the great picture of human’s experience of life” and emphasizes “the dimension of preparation for the afterlife of this trial-indexed worldly life”. In his work Ta'wilat al-Qur’an, Maturidi both drew attention to these concepts and gave important messages shedding light to the present day by attributing meanings to these concepts in the direction shown by the aql/reason and revelation.