Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yapıta İçkinlik ve Yeni Eleştiri Kuramları Üzerine

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 26, 17 - 41, 21.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1105497

Öz

Yapıta İçkinlik (Werkimmanenz) adı verilen edebiyat kuramı, 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında özellikle Orta Avrupa’da çok popülerdi. Emil Staiger ve Wolfgang Kayser, Yapıta İçkinliğin en önemli temsilcileridir. Onlar, yaygın olan bu yorumlama biçimine sistemli bir kuram temeli kazandırmışlardır. Aynı zamanlarda ortaya çıkan ve çok benzer biçimde işleyen Yeni Eleştiri (New Criticism) kuramına, Yapıta İçkinliğin Anglo-Sakson karşılığı da denilebilir. Cleanth Brooks başta olmak üzere, William K. Wimsatt ve William Empson’in çalışmaları bu kurama atfedilir. Her iki akım da kesin bir biçimde sanat özerkliği anlayışına dayanır; yazınsal eser, bütünleşik bir yapıt, kendine özgü estetiği olan bir nesne olarak görülür ve onun özenli incelenmesi için birtakım kurallar sunulur. Bu çalışmada, Yapıta İçkinlik ve Yeni Eleştiri’nin temel özellikleri ele alınacaktır. Bir yandan bu girişim edebi kuram tarihine olan ilgiden kaynaklanmakta, öte yandan günümüzün hızla değişen bilimsel kültürü, bu iki çok etkili edebiyat araştırma kuramını hatırlatmayı ya da yeniden tanıtmayı ve en önemli yönlerini değerlendirmeyi gerekli kılmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonunda, Stefan George’nin "Ölmüş Olduğu Söylenen Parka Gel ve Bak" şiiri üzerinden, Yapıta İçkinlik ve Yeni Eleştiri temelinde bir yorumun nasıl yapılabileceği örneklendirilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Achim Aurnhammer, Wolfgang Braungart vd. (ed.) (2016), Stefan George und sein Kreis: Ein Handbuch, Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Barthes, Roland (2000), Der Tod des Autors, ed. Fotis Jannidis vd., Texte zur Theorie der Autorschaft, Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., s. 185-193.
  • Beardsley, Monroe C. (1981), Aesthetics. Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Brooks, Cleanth (1995), My Credo – The Formalist Critics, ed. William J. Spurlin ve Michael Fischer, The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Criticism: Connections and Continuities, New York/London: Garland Publishing, s. 45-53.
  • Brooks, Cleanth (1960), The Heresy of Paraphrase, ed. Cleanth Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry, London: Dobson, s. 176-195.
  • Danneberg, Lutz (1996), Zur Theorie der werkimmanenten Interpretation, ed. Wilfried Barner ve Christoph König, Zeitenwechsel: Germanistische Literaturwissenschaft vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, s. 313-342.
  • Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm (DWB) (01.01.2021). “Digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities“ https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB (10.04.2022)
  • Dil Derneği (1999), Türkçe Sözlük, 2. K-Z, 1. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2000), Edebiyat Kuramı: Giriş, çev. Tuncay Birkan, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Empson, William (1963), Seven Types of Ambiguity, London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Frenzel, Elisabeth (1962), Stoffe der Weltliteratur: Ein Lexikon dichtungsgeschichtlicher Längsschnitte, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner.
  • George, Stefan (1928), Das Jahr der Seele, Gesamt-Ausgabe der Werke, Endgültige Fassung, Band 4, Berlin: Georg Bondi.
  • Graham, Gordon (2000), Philosophy of the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetics, London/New York: Routledge.
  • Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1960), Aus „Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre“: Betrachtungen im Sinne der Wanderer, ed. Siegfried Seidel, Kunsttheoretische Schriften und Übersetzungen (BA), Bd. 18, Berlin: Aufbau.
  • Gruber, Bettina (2009), Werkimmanente Literaturwissenschaft/New Criticism, ed. Jost Schneider, Methodengeschichte der Germanistik, Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, s. 763-776.
  • Hermand, Jost (1994), Geschichte der Germanistik, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.
  • Kayser, Wolfgang (1948), Das sprachliche Kunstwerk, Bern: Francke.
  • Klemperer, Victor (1947), LTI. Notizbuch eines Philologen, Berlin: Aufbau.
  • Klemperer, Viktor (2013), LTI. Nasyonal Sosyalizmin Dili, çev. Tanıl Bora, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Klotz, Volker (1960), Geschlossene und offene Form im Drama, München: Carl Hanser.
  • Köppe, Tilmann ve Winko, Simone (2013), Neuere Literaturtheorien: Eine Einführung, Stuttgart/Weimar: J. B. Metzler.
  • Lämmert, Eberhard (1955), Bauformen des Erzählens, Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
  • Lentricchia, Frank (1980), After the New Criticism. London: Athlone Press.
  • Riedel, Manfred (2006), Geheimes Deutschland: Stefan George und die Brüder Stauffenberg, Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau.
  • Staiger, Emil (1939), Die Zeit als Einbildungskraft des Dichters: Untersuchungen zu Gedichten von Brentano, Goethe und Keller, Zürich: Max Niehans.
  • Staiger, Emil (1955), Die Kunst der Interpretation: Studien zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, s. 7-28.
  • Wellek, René (1995), The New Criticism: Pro and Contra, ed. William J. Spurlin ve Michael Fischer, The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Criticism: Connections and Continuities, New York/London: Garland Publishing, s. 55-72.
  • Wiese, Benno von (1948), Die deutsche Tragödie von Lessing bis Hebbel, 2 Bände, Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe.
  • Wimsatt, William K. ve Beardsley, Monroe C. (1967), The Intentional Fallacy. William K. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, s. 3-18.
  • Kanz, Christine (2019), Die literarische Moderne (1890-1920), ed. Wolfgang Beutin, Matthias Beilein vd., Deutsche Literaturgeschichte: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Berlin: J. B. Metzler, s. 345-390.

On Work Immanence and New Criticism

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 26, 17 - 41, 21.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1105497

Öz

The German terminology Werkimmanenz, henceforth translated as Work Immanence, describes a theoretical way of approaching literary texts that was particularly popular in Central Europe in the first half
of the 20th century. Its most important representatives are Emil Staiger and Wolfgang Kayser, who gave
a systematic basis to the widespread practice of text-based interpretation. The New Criticism, which
arose contemporarily and works in a very similar way, is so to say the Anglo-Saxon counterpart to the
Work Immanence. Among others, works by Cleanth Brooks, William K. Wimsatt and William Empson
are affiliated to it. Both movements are most definitely based on the conception of artistic autonomy;
hence, literary works are viewed as stylistically cohesive and aesthetically autonomous objects, and
rules are set for their careful and dedicated interpretation. In this article, the Work Immanence and the
New Criticism are explained in their basic features. On the one hand, this is done out of an interest in
the history of theory, on the other hand, the fast pace of the contemporary scientific culture makes it
necessary to recall or re-introduce these two very influential theories of literary studies and review their
most important aspects. The study is concluded with an example analysis based on Stefan George’s
poem Come to the park they say is dead, and view. 

Kaynakça

  • Achim Aurnhammer, Wolfgang Braungart vd. (ed.) (2016), Stefan George und sein Kreis: Ein Handbuch, Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Barthes, Roland (2000), Der Tod des Autors, ed. Fotis Jannidis vd., Texte zur Theorie der Autorschaft, Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., s. 185-193.
  • Beardsley, Monroe C. (1981), Aesthetics. Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Brooks, Cleanth (1995), My Credo – The Formalist Critics, ed. William J. Spurlin ve Michael Fischer, The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Criticism: Connections and Continuities, New York/London: Garland Publishing, s. 45-53.
  • Brooks, Cleanth (1960), The Heresy of Paraphrase, ed. Cleanth Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry, London: Dobson, s. 176-195.
  • Danneberg, Lutz (1996), Zur Theorie der werkimmanenten Interpretation, ed. Wilfried Barner ve Christoph König, Zeitenwechsel: Germanistische Literaturwissenschaft vor und nach 1945, Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, s. 313-342.
  • Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm (DWB) (01.01.2021). “Digitalisierte Fassung im Wörterbuchnetz des Trier Center for Digital Humanities“ https://www.woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB (10.04.2022)
  • Dil Derneği (1999), Türkçe Sözlük, 2. K-Z, 1. Baskı, Ankara.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2000), Edebiyat Kuramı: Giriş, çev. Tuncay Birkan, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Empson, William (1963), Seven Types of Ambiguity, London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Frenzel, Elisabeth (1962), Stoffe der Weltliteratur: Ein Lexikon dichtungsgeschichtlicher Längsschnitte, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner.
  • George, Stefan (1928), Das Jahr der Seele, Gesamt-Ausgabe der Werke, Endgültige Fassung, Band 4, Berlin: Georg Bondi.
  • Graham, Gordon (2000), Philosophy of the Arts: An Introduction to Aesthetics, London/New York: Routledge.
  • Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1960), Aus „Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre“: Betrachtungen im Sinne der Wanderer, ed. Siegfried Seidel, Kunsttheoretische Schriften und Übersetzungen (BA), Bd. 18, Berlin: Aufbau.
  • Gruber, Bettina (2009), Werkimmanente Literaturwissenschaft/New Criticism, ed. Jost Schneider, Methodengeschichte der Germanistik, Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, s. 763-776.
  • Hermand, Jost (1994), Geschichte der Germanistik, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.
  • Kayser, Wolfgang (1948), Das sprachliche Kunstwerk, Bern: Francke.
  • Klemperer, Victor (1947), LTI. Notizbuch eines Philologen, Berlin: Aufbau.
  • Klemperer, Viktor (2013), LTI. Nasyonal Sosyalizmin Dili, çev. Tanıl Bora, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Klotz, Volker (1960), Geschlossene und offene Form im Drama, München: Carl Hanser.
  • Köppe, Tilmann ve Winko, Simone (2013), Neuere Literaturtheorien: Eine Einführung, Stuttgart/Weimar: J. B. Metzler.
  • Lämmert, Eberhard (1955), Bauformen des Erzählens, Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
  • Lentricchia, Frank (1980), After the New Criticism. London: Athlone Press.
  • Riedel, Manfred (2006), Geheimes Deutschland: Stefan George und die Brüder Stauffenberg, Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau.
  • Staiger, Emil (1939), Die Zeit als Einbildungskraft des Dichters: Untersuchungen zu Gedichten von Brentano, Goethe und Keller, Zürich: Max Niehans.
  • Staiger, Emil (1955), Die Kunst der Interpretation: Studien zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, s. 7-28.
  • Wellek, René (1995), The New Criticism: Pro and Contra, ed. William J. Spurlin ve Michael Fischer, The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Criticism: Connections and Continuities, New York/London: Garland Publishing, s. 55-72.
  • Wiese, Benno von (1948), Die deutsche Tragödie von Lessing bis Hebbel, 2 Bände, Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe.
  • Wimsatt, William K. ve Beardsley, Monroe C. (1967), The Intentional Fallacy. William K. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, s. 3-18.
  • Kanz, Christine (2019), Die literarische Moderne (1890-1920), ed. Wolfgang Beutin, Matthias Beilein vd., Deutsche Literaturgeschichte: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Berlin: J. B. Metzler, s. 345-390.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Onur Kemal Bazarkaya 0000-0001-6553-4255

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Bazarkaya, O. K. (2022). Yapıta İçkinlik ve Yeni Eleştiri Kuramları Üzerine. Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları(26), 17-41. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1105497