Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi

Zeliha Muslu; Hakan Develioğlu

Smoking and Periodontal Health Relations

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 1, 7 - 14, 01.01.2018

Öz

Smoking was defined as the most potent modifying factor after microbial dental plaque for periodontal disease. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis has increased in smokers. İn addition, the destruction depending on periodontal disease has increased. Cigarette has significant systemic harmful effects with some toxic and carcinogenic substances in its contents, as well as significant harmful effects on oral tissues. Smoking also negatively affects the responses of periodontal treatments. There is not exactly a consensus on the mechanism by which the cigarettes carry out these negative effects. In this review, the effects of smoking on periodontal health was evaluated in light of current information

Anahtar Kelimeler

Smoking, Periodontal health

Kaynakça

1. Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM. The impact of cigarette smoking on periodontal disease and treatment. Periodontol. 2000 2007;44(1):178–194.
2. Eke PI, Wei L, Borgnakke WS, Thornton-Evans G, Zhang X, Lu H, McGuire LC, Genco RJ. Periodontitis prevalence in adults ≥ 65 years of age, in the USA. Periodontol. 2000 2016;72(1):76–95.
3. Ziukaite L, Slot D, Loos B, Coucke W, Van der Weijden G. Family history of periodontal disease and prevalence of smoking status among adult periodontitis patients: a crosssectional study. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2016;1–7.
4. Akinkugbe AA, Sanders AE, Preisser JS, Cai J, Salazar CR, Beck JD. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2017;45(2):168–177.
5. Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Ryder MI. The tobacco-using periodontal patient: Role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management. Periodontol. 2000 2016;71(1):52–64.
6. Alkan EA, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A. Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontol. Turc. 2013;30(1):49–53.
7. Labriola A, Needleman I, Moles D. Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontol. 2000 2005;37:124–37.
8. Velden U Van der, Varoufaki A. Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora. J. Clin.Periodontol 2003;30(7):603–610.
9. Axelsson P, Paulartder J. Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐old individuals. J. Clin.Periodontol 1998;25(4):297–305.
10. Tomar S, Asma S. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(5):743–751.
11. Martinez‐Canut P, Lorca A. Smoking and periodontal disease severity. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1995;22(10):743–749.
12. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Subgingival microflora associated with early onset periodontitis patients. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical, Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin. Periodontol 1997;24:845- 872.
13. Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. Odontology 2004;92(1):1–8.
14. Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontol. 2000 2013;62:59-94.
15. Heasman L, Stacey F, Preshaw P. The effect of smoking on periodontal treatment response: a review of clinical evidence. J. Clin.Periodontol 2006;33(4):241-253.
16. Zambon J, Grossi S, Machtei E. Cigarette Smoking Increases the Risk for Subgingival Infection With Periodontal Pathogens. J.Periodontol 1996;67(10):1050–1054.
17. Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Lebus S, Mahboub M, Faia B, Muhaimin D, Hamada M, Hyun W. Alterations of neutrophil L-selectin and CD18 expression by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. J. Periodontal Res. 1998;33(6):359–68.
18. Morozumi T, Kubota T, Sato T, Okuda K, Yoshie H. Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2004;31(4):267–72.
19. Chang Y, Huang F, Tai K. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nicotine in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cultures in vitro. J. Periodontal Res. 2002;37(4):279–285.
20. Gamal A, Bayomy M. Effect of cigarette smoking on human PDL fibroblasts attachment to periodontally involved root surfaces in vitro J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002;29(8):763–770.
21. Tipton D, Dabbous M. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J. Periodontol. 1995;66(12):1056–1064.
22. Carvalho M, Benatti B. Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium implants: a histometric study in rats. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(4):599–605.
23. Bergström J, Preber H. The influence of cigarette smoking on the development of experimental gingivitis. J. Periodontal Res. 1986;21(6):668–676.
24. Palmer R, Wilson R, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors–tobacco smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(6): 180-95.
25. Alexander A. The relationship between tobacco smoking calculus and plaque accumulation and gingivitis. Dent. Health 1969;9(1):6–9.
26. Brandtzaeg P, Jamison H. A study of periodontal health and oral hygiene in Norwegian army recruits. J. Periodontol. 1964;35(4):302–307.
27. Haffajee A, Socransky S. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(4):283–295.
28. Khan S. Effect of smoking on periodontal health. Dis. Mon. 2011;57(4):214–7.
29. Mavropoulos A, Aars H, Brodin P. Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healthy gingiva. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2003;30(3):214–221.
30. Meekin T, Wilson R, Scott D, Ide M. Laser Doppler flowmeter measurement of relative gingival and forehead skin blood flow in light and heavy smokers during and after smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2000;27(4):236–242.
31. Rezavandi K, Palmer R, Odell E. Expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin in gingival tissues of smokers and non‐smokers with periodontitis. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2002;31(1):59–64.
32. Knight, Ellie. T. Jenny Liu, Gregory J. Seymour CMFJ &Mary PC. Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol. 2000 2016;71(1):22–51.
33. Palmer R, Wilson R, Hasan A. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors–tobacco smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(6):180–195.
34. Van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking. Eur. Respir. J. 2000;15(5):915–921.
35. Persson L, Bergström J, Ito H. Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(1):90–95.
36. Söder B, Jin L, Wickholm S. Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non‐smokers with. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002;29(5):384– 391.
37. Darby I, Hodge P, Riggio M. Clinical and microbiological effect of scaling and root planing in smoker and non‐ smoker chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(2):200–206.
38. Gelskey S. Cigarette smoking and periodontitis: methodology to assess the strength of evidence in support of a causal association. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27(1):16–24.
39. Van der Weijden GA, De Slegte C, Timmerman MF, Van der Velden U. Periodontitis in smokers and non‐smokers: intra‐oral distribution of pockets. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(10):955–960.
40. Kinane D, Chestnutt I. Smoking and periodontal disease. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 2000;11(3):356–365.
41. Bergström J, Boström L. Tobacco smoking and periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(7):680–685.
42. Söder B, Nedlich U, Jin L. Longitudinal effect of nonsurgical treatment and systemic metronidazole for 1 week in smokers and non-smokers with refractory periodontitis: a 5-year study. J. Periodontol. 1999;70(7):761–771.
43. Haffajee A, Socransky S. Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(5):377–388.
44. Mooney J, Hodge P, Kinane D. Humoral immune response in early‐onset periodontitis: influence of smoking. J. Periodontal Res. 2001;36(4):227–232.
45. Winkelhoff A, Bosch-Tijhof C. Smoking affects the subgingival microflora in periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(5):666–671.
46. Bergström J, Eliasson S, Dock J. A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(8):1338–1347.
47. Kerdvongbundit V, Wikesjö UM. Effect of smoking on periodontal health in molar teeth. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(3):433–437.
48. Ashril N, Al-Sulamani A. The effect of different types of smoking habits on periodontal attachment. J. Int. Acad. Periodontol. 2003;5(2):41–46.
49. Torrungruang K, Nisapakultorn K, Sutdhibhisal S. The effect of cigarette smoking on the severity of periodontal disease among older Thai adults. J. Periodontol. 2005;76(4):566–572.
50. Johnson G, Slach N. Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status. J. Dent. Educ. 2001;65(4):313–321.
51. Eggert F, McLeod M, Flowerdew G. Effects of smoking and treatment status on periodontal bacteria: evidence that smoking influences control of periodontal bacteria at the mucosal surface of the gingival. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(9):1210–1220.
52. Müller H, Stadermann S, Heinecke A. Bleeding on probing in smokers and non-smokers in a steady state plaque environment. Clin. Oral Investig. 2001;5(3):177–184.
53. James J, Sayers N, Drucker D. Effects of tobacco products on the attachment and growth of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J. Periodontal Res. 1999;70(5):518–525.
54. Machuca G, Rosales I, Lacalle J. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal status of healthy young adults. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(1):73–78.
55. Winn D. Tobacco use and oral disease. J. Dent. Educ. 2001;65(4):306–312.
56. Johnson G, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(2):196–209.
57. Preshaw, P. M., Lauffart, B., Zak, E., Jeffcoat, M. K., Barton I. Progression and treatment of chronic adult periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 1999;70(10):1209–1220.
58. Williams R, Paquette D, Offenbacher S. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(11):1535–1544.
59. Tomasi C, Wennström J. Locally delivered doxycycline improves the healing following non‐surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2004;31(8):589– 595.
60. Patel R, Wilson R, Palmer RM. The effect of smoking on periodontal bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 2012;83(2):143–155.
61. Silva C, Sallum A, Lima A de. Coronally positioned flap for root coverage: poorer outcomes in smokers. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(1):81–87.
62. Martins A, Andia D, Sallum A. Smoking may affect root coverage outcome: A prospective clinical study in humans. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(4):586–591.
63. Erley K, Swiec G, Herold R. Gingival recession treatment with connective tissue grafts in smokers and non-smokers. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(7):1148–1155.
64. Cuff M, McQuade M, Scheidt M. The presence of nicotine on root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth in smokers. J. Periodontol. 1989;60(10):564–569.
65. Loos B, Roos M, Schellekens P. Lymphocyte numbers and function in relation to periodontitis and smoking. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(4):557–564.
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Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 1, 7 - 14, 01.01.2018

Zeliha Muslu Hakan Develioğlu

Öz

Sigara, periodontal hastalık için bakteriyel plaktan sonra en güçlü modifiye edici ajan olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sigara içen bireylerde gingivitis ve periodontitis prevalansının arttığı gözlenmektedir. Ayrıca periodontal hastalığa bağlı olarak gözlenen yıkım daha fazla görülmektedir. Sigara, içeriğindeki bazı toksik ve kanserojen maddeler ile birçok sistemik olumsuz etkiye sahip olmasının yanı sıra oral dokular üzerinde de önemli ölçüde zararlı etkilere sahiptir. Bunun yanında sigara kullanımının periodontal tedavilerin yanıtlarını da olumsuz etkilediği bilinmektedir. Sigaranın bu olumsuz etkileri hangi mekanizmalarla gerçekleştirdiği konusunda tam olarak bir fikir birliği sağlanamamıştır. Bu derlemede, sigaranın periodontal sağlık üzerine etkilerinin güncel bilgiler ışığında değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sigara kullanımı, Periodontal sağlık

Kaynakça

1. Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM. The impact of cigarette smoking on periodontal disease and treatment. Periodontol. 2000 2007;44(1):178–194.
2. Eke PI, Wei L, Borgnakke WS, Thornton-Evans G, Zhang X, Lu H, McGuire LC, Genco RJ. Periodontitis prevalence in adults ≥ 65 years of age, in the USA. Periodontol. 2000 2016;72(1):76–95.
3. Ziukaite L, Slot D, Loos B, Coucke W, Van der Weijden G. Family history of periodontal disease and prevalence of smoking status among adult periodontitis patients: a crosssectional study. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2016;1–7.
4. Akinkugbe AA, Sanders AE, Preisser JS, Cai J, Salazar CR, Beck JD. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and periodontitis prevalence among nonsmokers in the hispanic community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2017;45(2):168–177.
5. Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Ryder MI. The tobacco-using periodontal patient: Role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management. Periodontol. 2000 2016;71(1):52–64.
6. Alkan EA, Dikilitaş A, Alkan Ö, Parlar A. Sigara ve periodontal hastalık ilişkisi. Acta Odontol. Turc. 2013;30(1):49–53.
7. Labriola A, Needleman I, Moles D. Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontol. 2000 2005;37:124–37.
8. Velden U Van der, Varoufaki A. Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora. J. Clin.Periodontol 2003;30(7):603–610.
9. Axelsson P, Paulartder J. Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐old individuals. J. Clin.Periodontol 1998;25(4):297–305.
10. Tomar S, Asma S. Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(5):743–751.
11. Martinez‐Canut P, Lorca A. Smoking and periodontal disease severity. J. Clin. Periodontol. 1995;22(10):743–749.
12. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Subgingival microflora associated with early onset periodontitis patients. Europerio 2, Abstract of Clinical, Research and Poster Presentations selected for publication. J Clin. Periodontol 1997;24:845- 872.
13. Bergström J. Tobacco smoking and chronic destructive periodontal disease. Odontology 2004;92(1):1–8.
14. Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontol. 2000 2013;62:59-94.
15. Heasman L, Stacey F, Preshaw P. The effect of smoking on periodontal treatment response: a review of clinical evidence. J. Clin.Periodontol 2006;33(4):241-253.
16. Zambon J, Grossi S, Machtei E. Cigarette Smoking Increases the Risk for Subgingival Infection With Periodontal Pathogens. J.Periodontol 1996;67(10):1050–1054.
17. Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Lebus S, Mahboub M, Faia B, Muhaimin D, Hamada M, Hyun W. Alterations of neutrophil L-selectin and CD18 expression by tobacco smoke: implications for periodontal diseases. J. Periodontal Res. 1998;33(6):359–68.
18. Morozumi T, Kubota T, Sato T, Okuda K, Yoshie H. Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2004;31(4):267–72.
19. Chang Y, Huang F, Tai K. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nicotine in human periodontal ligament fibroblast cultures in vitro. J. Periodontal Res. 2002;37(4):279–285.
20. Gamal A, Bayomy M. Effect of cigarette smoking on human PDL fibroblasts attachment to periodontally involved root surfaces in vitro J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002;29(8):763–770.
21. Tipton D, Dabbous M. Effects of nicotine on proliferation and extracellular matrix production of human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J. Periodontol. 1995;66(12):1056–1064.
22. Carvalho M, Benatti B. Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation and estrogen deficiency on bone healing around titanium implants: a histometric study in rats. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(4):599–605.
23. Bergström J, Preber H. The influence of cigarette smoking on the development of experimental gingivitis. J. Periodontal Res. 1986;21(6):668–676.
24. Palmer R, Wilson R, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors–tobacco smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(6): 180-95.
25. Alexander A. The relationship between tobacco smoking calculus and plaque accumulation and gingivitis. Dent. Health 1969;9(1):6–9.
26. Brandtzaeg P, Jamison H. A study of periodontal health and oral hygiene in Norwegian army recruits. J. Periodontol. 1964;35(4):302–307.
27. Haffajee A, Socransky S. Relationship of cigarette smoking to attachment level profiles. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(4):283–295.
28. Khan S. Effect of smoking on periodontal health. Dis. Mon. 2011;57(4):214–7.
29. Mavropoulos A, Aars H, Brodin P. Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healthy gingiva. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2003;30(3):214–221.
30. Meekin T, Wilson R, Scott D, Ide M. Laser Doppler flowmeter measurement of relative gingival and forehead skin blood flow in light and heavy smokers during and after smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2000;27(4):236–242.
31. Rezavandi K, Palmer R, Odell E. Expression of ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin in gingival tissues of smokers and non‐smokers with periodontitis. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2002;31(1):59–64.
32. Knight, Ellie. T. Jenny Liu, Gregory J. Seymour CMFJ &Mary PC. Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol. 2000 2016;71(1):22–51.
33. Palmer R, Wilson R, Hasan A. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors–tobacco smoking. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(6):180–195.
34. Van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking. Eur. Respir. J. 2000;15(5):915–921.
35. Persson L, Bergström J, Ito H. Tobacco smoking and neutrophil activity in patients with periodontal disease. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(1):90–95.
36. Söder B, Jin L, Wickholm S. Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non‐smokers with. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002;29(5):384– 391.
37. Darby I, Hodge P, Riggio M. Clinical and microbiological effect of scaling and root planing in smoker and non‐ smoker chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(2):200–206.
38. Gelskey S. Cigarette smoking and periodontitis: methodology to assess the strength of evidence in support of a causal association. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 1999;27(1):16–24.
39. Van der Weijden GA, De Slegte C, Timmerman MF, Van der Velden U. Periodontitis in smokers and non‐smokers: intra‐oral distribution of pockets. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(10):955–960.
40. Kinane D, Chestnutt I. Smoking and periodontal disease. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 2000;11(3):356–365.
41. Bergström J, Boström L. Tobacco smoking and periodontal hemorrhagic responsiveness. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(7):680–685.
42. Söder B, Nedlich U, Jin L. Longitudinal effect of nonsurgical treatment and systemic metronidazole for 1 week in smokers and non-smokers with refractory periodontitis: a 5-year study. J. Periodontol. 1999;70(7):761–771.
43. Haffajee A, Socransky S. Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001;28(5):377–388.
44. Mooney J, Hodge P, Kinane D. Humoral immune response in early‐onset periodontitis: influence of smoking. J. Periodontal Res. 2001;36(4):227–232.
45. Winkelhoff A, Bosch-Tijhof C. Smoking affects the subgingival microflora in periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(5):666–671.
46. Bergström J, Eliasson S, Dock J. A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(8):1338–1347.
47. Kerdvongbundit V, Wikesjö UM. Effect of smoking on periodontal health in molar teeth. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(3):433–437.
48. Ashril N, Al-Sulamani A. The effect of different types of smoking habits on periodontal attachment. J. Int. Acad. Periodontol. 2003;5(2):41–46.
49. Torrungruang K, Nisapakultorn K, Sutdhibhisal S. The effect of cigarette smoking on the severity of periodontal disease among older Thai adults. J. Periodontol. 2005;76(4):566–572.
50. Johnson G, Slach N. Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status. J. Dent. Educ. 2001;65(4):313–321.
51. Eggert F, McLeod M, Flowerdew G. Effects of smoking and treatment status on periodontal bacteria: evidence that smoking influences control of periodontal bacteria at the mucosal surface of the gingival. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(9):1210–1220.
52. Müller H, Stadermann S, Heinecke A. Bleeding on probing in smokers and non-smokers in a steady state plaque environment. Clin. Oral Investig. 2001;5(3):177–184.
53. James J, Sayers N, Drucker D. Effects of tobacco products on the attachment and growth of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J. Periodontal Res. 1999;70(5):518–525.
54. Machuca G, Rosales I, Lacalle J. Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal status of healthy young adults. J. Periodontol. 2000;71(1):73–78.
55. Winn D. Tobacco use and oral disease. J. Dent. Educ. 2001;65(4):306–312.
56. Johnson G, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(2):196–209.
57. Preshaw, P. M., Lauffart, B., Zak, E., Jeffcoat, M. K., Barton I. Progression and treatment of chronic adult periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 1999;70(10):1209–1220.
58. Williams R, Paquette D, Offenbacher S. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J. Periodontol. 2001;72(11):1535–1544.
59. Tomasi C, Wennström J. Locally delivered doxycycline improves the healing following non‐surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2004;31(8):589– 595.
60. Patel R, Wilson R, Palmer RM. The effect of smoking on periodontal bone regeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 2012;83(2):143–155.
61. Silva C, Sallum A, Lima A de. Coronally positioned flap for root coverage: poorer outcomes in smokers. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(1):81–87.
62. Martins A, Andia D, Sallum A. Smoking may affect root coverage outcome: A prospective clinical study in humans. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(4):586–591.
63. Erley K, Swiec G, Herold R. Gingival recession treatment with connective tissue grafts in smokers and non-smokers. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(7):1148–1155.
64. Cuff M, McQuade M, Scheidt M. The presence of nicotine on root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth in smokers. J. Periodontol. 1989;60(10):564–569.
65. Loos B, Roos M, Schellekens P. Lymphocyte numbers and function in relation to periodontitis and smoking. J. Periodontol. 2004;75(4):557–564.
66. Bain C, Moy P. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking.. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant. 1993;8(6):191.
67. Lambert P, Morris H, Ochi S. The influence of smoking on 3-year clinical success of osseointegrated dental implants. Ann. Periodontol. 2000;5(1):79–89.
68. Klokkevold P, Han T. How do smoking, diabetes, and periodontitis affect outcomes of implant treatment?. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 2007;22(7):173–202.
69. Wallace R. The relationship between cigarette smoking and dental implant failure. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 2000;8(3):103–106
70. Levin L, Sadet P, Grossmann Y. A retrospective evaluation of 1,387 single-tooth implants: a 6-year follow-up. J. Periodontol. 2006;77(12):2080–2083.
71. Hinode D, Tanabe S, Yokoyama M. Influence of smoking on osseointegrated implant failure: a meta‐analysis. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(4):473–478.
72. Strietzel F, Reichart P, Kale A. Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2007;34(6):523– 544.
73. Bayat E, Bauss O. Effect of smoking on the failure rates of orthodontic miniscrews. J. Orofac. Orthop. 2010;71(2):117– 124.
74. Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4):309–316.
75. Negri E, Vecchia C La, Franceschi S, Tavani A. Attributable risk for oral cancer in northern Italy.. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomarkers 1993;2(3):189–193.
76. Jansson L, Lavstedt S. Influence of smoking on marginal bone loss and tooth loss–a prospective study over 20 years. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2002;29(8):750–756.
77. Peleg M, Garg A, Mazor Z. Healing in smokers versus nonsmokers: survival rates for sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant. 2006;21(4):551.
78. Preshaw P, Heasman L, Stacey F. The effect of quitting smoking on chronic periodontitis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2005;32(8):869–879.
79. Barrera R, Shi W, Amar D, Thaler H. Smoking and timing of cessation: impact on pulmonary complications after thoracotomy. Chest J. 2005;127(6):1977–1983.
80. Luzzi L, Greghi S, Passanezi E. Evaluation of clinical periodontal conditions in smokers and non-smokers. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2007;15(6):512–517.
81. Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Lima L. Predictors of tooth loss during long‐term periodontal maintenance: a systematic review of observational studies. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2010;37(7):675–684.
82. Wan C, Leung W, Wong M, Wong R. Effects of smoking on healing response to non‐surgical periodontal therapy: a multilevel modelling analysis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2009;36(3):229–239.
83. Maatouk F, Maatouk W, Ghedira H, Mimoun S Ben. Effect of 5 years of dental studies on the oral health of Tunisian dental students. East. Mediterr. Heal. J. 2006;12(5):625.
84. Bergström J, Eliasson S, Preber H. Cigarette smoking and periodontal bone loss. J. Periodontol. 1991;62(4):242–246.
85. Obradovic R, Kesic L, Mihailovic D, Ignjatovic N. Comparative efficacy analysis of biomaterials and soft lasers in repair of bone defects . J Oral Laser Appl 2007;7:161–166.
86. Bergström J, Eliasson S, Dock J. Exposure to tobacco smoking and periodontal health . J. Clin. Periodontol. 2000;27(1):61–68.

Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Collection
Yazarlar	Zeliha Muslu Hakan Develioğlu Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2018 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Muslu, Z., & Develioğlu, H. (2018). Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi)(1), 7-14.
AMA	Muslu Z, Develioğlu H. Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi. J Int Dent Sci. Ocak 2018;(1):7-14.
Chicago	Muslu, Zeliha, ve Hakan Develioğlu. “Sigara Ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi), sy. 1 (Ocak 2018): 7-14.
EndNote	Muslu Z, Develioğlu H (01 Ocak 2018) Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi) 1 7–14.
IEEE	Z. Muslu ve H. Develioğlu, “Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi”, J Int Dent Sci, sy. 1, ss. 7–14, Ocak 2018.
ISNAD	Muslu, Zeliha - Develioğlu, Hakan. “Sigara Ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi) 1 (Ocak 2018), 7-14.
JAMA	Muslu Z, Develioğlu H. Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi. J Int Dent Sci. 2018;:7–14.
MLA	Muslu, Zeliha ve Hakan Develioğlu. “Sigara Ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi”. Journal of International Dental Sciences (Uluslararası Diş Hekimliği Bilimleri Dergisi), sy. 1, 2018, ss. 7-14.
Vancouver	Muslu Z, Develioğlu H. Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi. J Int Dent Sci. 2018(1):7-14.

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Dergimize sadece Araştırma makalesi, vaka raporu ve Derleme türündeki yayınlarınızı dergimize gönderebilirsiniz. Dergimiz, Uluslararası ve ulusal indekslerce taranmaktadır.

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