THE CHANGING CENTER OF THE INHABITED WORLD IN MAPPAEMUNDI FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

Öz

The name of the world maps drawn in Europe in the Middle Ages is mappamundi. In addition to the geographical features of the world, mappaemundi also depict important events that have happened and will happen in the history of the world from creation to the end of time. As a matter of fact, mappaemundi are valuable sources reflecting the mental world of medieval Europe. Mappaemundi have three important types of sources: Ancient Greek and Roman classics, sacred texts and contemporary travelogues. In the world maps designed in the first millennium in accordance with the claims and views of the ancient Greek authors, the center of the ecumene is Delphi in the Greek Peninsula or the Mediterranean Sea according to the claims of the Roman Empire. In the call for the Crusades and during the Crusades, the claim that Jerusalem was the center of the world was reflected on many maps. Jerusalem-centered mappamundis encouraged the viewer to holy war. This study examines the changing center of the ecumene in world maps drawn in Europe from Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mappamundi
• ecumene
• Jerusalem
• Mediterranean
• Delphi

ANTİKİTEDEN GEÇ ORTA ÇAĞ’A MAPPAMUNDİ TÜRÜ HARİTALARDA MESKÛN DÜNYANIN DEĞİŞEN MERKEZİ

Öz

Mappamundi, Orta Çağ’da Avrupa’da yaygın olarak kullanılan dünya haritalarına verilen isimdir. Mappamundilerde dünyanın coğrafi özellikleri yanında yaratılıştan ahir zamana dünya tarihinde yaşanan ve yaşanacak önemli olaylar tasvir edilir. Nitekim, mappamundiler Orta Çağ Avrupa’sının zihin dünyasını yansıtan değerli kaynaklardır. Mappamundilerin üç önemli kaynak türü vardır: Antik Yunan ve Roma klasikleri, kutsal metinler ve çağdaş seyahatnameler. Bu kaynaklardan özellikle ilk ikisi kartografların dünya ve ekümen tasavvurunda önemli rol oynar. Antik Yunan müelliflerinin iddia ve görüşlerine uygun olarak ilk bin yıllık dönemde tasarlanan dünya haritalarında ekümenin merkezi Yunan Yarımadası’ndaki Delfi veya Roma İmparatorluğu’nun iddiasına göre Akdeniz’dir. İlk bin yılda kilise babalarının tefsir çalışmalarıyla Kudüs’ün dünyanın merkezi olduğuna dair düşünce Hristiyan aleminde yayıldıysa da bu düşünce haritalara yansımadı. Ancak Haçlı Seferleri sürecinde dünyanın merkezinin Kudüs olduğuna dair iddia çok sayıdaki haritaya yansıdı. Kudüs merkezli mappamundiler izleyiciyi kutsal savaşa teşvik ediyordu. Bu çalışmada Antikiteden Geç Orta Çağ’a Avrupa’da çizilen dünya haritalarında ekümenin değişen merkezi incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mappamundi
• Ekümen
• Kudüs
• Akdeniz
• Delfi

Kaynakça

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