NEW DEMOCRACIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN IRAQ (2011-2023)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 29, 1 - 25, 30.06.2024

Arif Akbaş

Öz

In this article, the democratic situation of Iraq will be explained in terms of the extent to which the political, economic, military, and social relations between the governments of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Kuwait, Jordan, and other states also affect Turkey. The study’s method aims to examine political instability in Iraq using qualitative research methods, which may include document analysis, content analysis, and qualitative research techniques. Among its contributions to the literature are deciphering the main factors and their effects by analyzing the period of political instability in Iraq in depth, emphasizing the regional and global policy contexts, and understanding the impact of this period on the processes of democracy in the Middle East. This study will provide valuable insights into understanding the complexity and challenges of democratic transitions in the Middle East. Iraq is a democratic republic with a federal structure and parliamentary representation. Executive authority is vested in the Prime Minister, with the Council of Ministers as the head of government. Presidential powers are exercised by the President of Iraq. Iraq operates under a multi-party system, with legislative power vested in the Council of Representatives. The current Prime Minister of Iraq is Mohammad Shiya al-Sudani, who holds most executive power and appoints a cabinet/council of ministers to carry out government functions. Abdullatif Rashid currently holds the office of President. According to The Economist’s 2020 Democracy Index research, Iraq, classified as a hybrid regime, ranks 118th globally with a score of 3.74. The Kurdistan Region, an autonomous province in the north, established its own local government and parliament through a popular vote in 1992, becoming an autonomous entity within Iraq. De facto, Iraq is divided into three regions: the Kurdish region, Shiite regions, and Sunni regions. The Iraqi central government exhibits authoritarian tendencies. The United States entered Iraq under the pretext of “bringing democracy” to the country following the events of September 11. However, the decision-making process in the country after the war ended in 2011 was compromised by various actors. Understanding the historical trajectory of Iraq in the past two decades requires an examination of power dynamics, the influence of state institutions, and the transformation of social identities. This article seeks to shed light on the unique aspects of Iraqi national life, encompassing political, economic, and social dimensions, through an analytical approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Middle Eastern democracies, Iraq, Iraqi administrative system, political structure in Iraq

Proje Numarası

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ORTA DOĞU’NUN YENİ DEMOKRASİLERİ: IRAK’TA SİYASİ İSTİKRARSIZLIK (2011-2023)

Öz

Bu makalede Irak’ın demokratik durumu; İran, Suudi Arabistan, Suriye, Kuveyt, Ürdün hükümetleri ile diğer devletlerarasındaki siyasi, ekonomik, askeri ve sosyal ilişkileri Türkiye’yi de etkileyen boyutuyla açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, nitel araştırma yöntemlerini kullanarak Irak’taki siyasi istikrarsızlığı incelemeyi hedefler. Bu, belge analizi, içerik analizi ve niteliksel araştırma tekniklerini içerebilir. Literatüre yapacağı katkılar arasında, Irak’taki siyasi istikrarsızlık dönemini derinlemesine analiz ederek bu süreçteki ana faktörleri ve etkilerini açıklığa kavuşturmak, bölgesel ve küresel politika bağlamlarını vurgulamak ve bu dönemin Orta Doğu’daki demokrasi süreçlerine etkisini anlamak yer alır. Bu çalışma, Orta Doğu’daki demokratik geçişlerin karmaşıklığını ve zorluklarını anlamak için değerli bir katkı sunacaktır. Irak federal yapısıyla parlamenter temsili demokratik bir cumhuriyettir. Yürütme yetkisi hükümet başkanı olarak Bakanlar Kurulu ile Başbakan’a verilmiştir. Devlet başkanlığı yetkileri ise Irak Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Irak, yasama yetkisinin Temsilciler Konseyi’ne verildiği çok partili bir sistemdir. Irak’ın şu anki Başbakanı, yürütme gücünün çoğunu elinde bulunduran ve hükümetin işlevlerini yerine getiren bir kabine/ bakanlar kurulunu atayan Muhammed Şiya es-Sudani’dir. Devletin en yüksek makamında olan Cumhurbaşkanı ise Abdüllatif Reşid’tir. The Economist’in 2020 Demokrasi Endeksi araştırmasına göre hibrit rejime sahip olan Irak tüm dünya sıralamasında 118. sırada olup 3.74’lük bir skora sahiptir. Kuzeydeki özerk vilayetlerden olan Kürdistan Bölgesi, 1992’deki halk oylamasıyla kendi yerel yönetimi ve parlamentosu ile Irak’ta özerk bir varlık haline gelmiştir. Aslında fiili olarak Irak’ta Kürt bölgesi, Şii bölgeleri ve Sünni bölgeleri gibi bir durumda üçe bölünmüşlük söz konusudur. Irak merkezi hükümeti büyük oranda otoriter bir rejimdir. Amerika, Irak’a 11 Eylül sonucu ülkeye “demokrasi götürmek” bahanesiyle girmişti. Ülkede 2011’de savaş bittikten sonra bir dizi aktörün birleşimiyle ölümcül bir şekilde tehlikeye atılan bir karar verme sürecinin canlı ve silinmez bir resmi ortaya çıkmıştır. Irak’ın son yirmi yılında tarihsel gidişatını anlamak için; güç arayışı, devlet kurumlarının etkisi ve toplumsal kimliklerin dönüşümüne bakmak gerekmektedir. Makalede analitik bir yaklaşımla Irak ulusal yaşamının benzersiz durumu siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlarıyla aydınlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Orta Doğu demokrasileri, Irak, Irak Yönetim Sistemi, Irak'taki siyasal yapı

Etik Beyan

Etik beyan gerekmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

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