EKONOMİDE YARDIMSEVERLİK: BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 159 - 185, 22.07.2025

Aras Yolusever

Öz

Bu makale, diğerkâmlık ve cömertliğin ekonomik karar alma süreçleriyle nasıl etkileştiğini araştırarak hayırseverlik davranışını ekonomi merceğinden incelemektedir. Çalışmada Mısır ve Yunanistan gibi eski uygarlıklardaki dini ve etik geleneklerdeki erken köklerinden, Sanayi Devrimi sırasında modern hayırseverlik uygulamalarındaki kurumsallaşmasına kadar hayırseverliğin tarihsel gelişiminin izini sürülmektedir. Araştırma, büyük ölçüde davranışsal ekonomiden yararlanmakta ve rasyonel kişisel çıkara dayalı geleneksel ekonomik modellere meydan okuyan temel teorilere odaklanmaktadır. Duygusal tatmin ve sosyal tanınma gibi psikolojik faktörleri de içeren bu teoriler, bireylerin neden hayırseverlik faaliyetlerinde bulunduğuna dair daha kapsamlı bir anlayış sunmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca sosyal normların davranış üzerindeki etkisinin tarihini araştırmaktadır. Araştırmada son olarak vergi teşviklerinin yardımlaşma davranışını teşvik etmedeki rolü ve hükümet politikalarının daha etkili ve yaygın cömertliği teşvik etmek ve daha geniş sosyal refah hedeflerine katkıda bulunmak için nasıl tasarlanabileceği incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yardımsever Davranış , Davranışsal İktisat , Modern Yardımlaşma Davranışı

CHARITABLE BEHAVIOR IN ECONOMICS : AN EXAMINATON

Öz

This article delves into charitable behavior through the lens of economics, exploring how altruism and generosity intersect with economic decision-making. It traces the historical evolution of charity, from its early roots in religious and ethical traditions in ancient civilizations, such as Egypt and Greece, to its institutionalization in modern philanthropic practices during the Industrial Revolution. The analysis draws heavily on behavioral economics, focusing on key theories like warm glow-giving, reciprocal altruism, and social preferences, which challenge traditional economic models of rational self-interest. By incorporating psychological factors, such as emotional satisfaction and social recognition, these theories offer a more comprehensive understanding of why individuals engage in charitable acts. The article also investigates the impact of framing effects and social norms on donation behavior, revealing how the presentation of philanthropic causes and social contexts shape giving decisions. Finally, it examines the role of tax incentives in promoting charitable contributions and how government policies can be designed to encourage more effective and widespread generosity, contributing to broader social welfare objectives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Charitable Behavior , Behavior Economics , Modern Charitable Behavior

Kaynakça

• Aaker, J., & Akutsu, S. (2009). "Why do people give? The role of identity in giving." Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(3), 267-270.
• Aldrete, G. S. (2009). Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii, and Ostia. University of Oklahoma Press.
• Andreoni, J. (1989). Giving with impure altruism: Applications to charity and Ricardian equivalence. Journal of Political Economy, 97(6), 1447-1458.
• Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of Warm-Glow Giving. The Economic Journal, 100(401), 464-477.
• Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. A. (2011). Is crowding out due entirely to fundraising? Evidence from a panel of charities. Journal of Public Economics, 95(5-6), 334-343.
• Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009). Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially. American Economic Review, 99(1), 544-555.
• Aristotle. (2014). Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. (R. Crisp, Ed.) (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Assmann, J. (2002). The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs. Metropolitan Books.
• Auten, G., Sieg, H., & Clotfelter, C. T. (2002). Charitable Giving, Income, and Taxes: An Analysis of Panel Data. American Economic Review, 92(1), 371-382.
• Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Erlbaum.
• Becker, G. S. (1974). A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy, 82(6), 1063-1093.
• Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2006). Incentives and prosocial behavior. American Economic Review, 96(5), 1652-1678.
• Benthall, J., & Bellion-Jourdan, J. (2003). The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World. I.B. Tauris.
• Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.
• Brown, P. (1988). The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. Columbia University Press.
• Brown, A. L., Meer, J., & Williams, J. F. (2017). Why do people volunteer? An experimental analysis of preferences for time donations. NBER Working Papers, 19066.
• Cameron, A. (1993). The Later Roman Empire. Harvard University Press.
• Carnegie, A. (1889). The Gospel of Wealth. North American Review.
• Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. The Handbook of Social Psychology, 2(2), 151-192.
• Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Influence: Science and Practice. Allyn & Bacon.
• Clotfelter, C. T. (1985). Federal Tax Policy and Charitable Giving. University of Chicago Press.
• David, R. (1998). The Ancient Egyptians: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press.
• Duncan, B. (2004). A theory of impact philanthropy. Journal of Public Economics, 88(9-10), 2159-2180
• Dosoo, K. (2018, September 26). Ancient Egyptian Religion. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Retrieved 23 Oct. 2024, from https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-246.
• Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16(2), 181-191.
• Engels, F. (1845). The Condition of the Working Class in England. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.
• Fack, G., & Landais, C. (2010). Are Tax Incentives for Charitable Giving Efficient? Evidence from France. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2(2), 117-141.
• Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Social norms and human cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), 185-190.
• Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817-868.
• Gächter, S. (2006). Conditional cooperation: Behavioral regularities from the lab and the field and their policy implications. CeDEx Discussion Paper Series.
• Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.
• Gneezy, A., Keenan, E. A., & Gneezy, U. (2014). Avoiding overhead aversion in charity. Science, 346(6209), 632-635.
• Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., & Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(3), 472-482.
• Grant, M. (1987). The Rise of Greeks. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
• Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R. (2007). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316(5831), 1622-1625.
• Heitzenrater, R. P. (1995). Wesley and the People Called Methodists. Abingdon Press.
• Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., & McElreath, R. (2005). Economic man in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(6), 795-815.
• Hilton, M. (2009). Prosperity for All: Consumer Activism in an Era of Globalization. Cornell University Press.
• Himmelstein, J. L. (1997). Looking Good and Doing Good: Corporate Philanthropy and Corporate Power. Indiana University Press.
• Himmelfarb, G. (1991). Poverty and Compassion: The Moral Imagination of the Late Victorians. Vintage Books.
• Hobsbawm, E. (1999). Industry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial Revolution. The New Press.
• Horsley, R. A. (1997). Paul and Empire: Religion and Power in Roman Imperial Society. Trinity Press International.
• Hudson, P. (1992). The Industrial Revolution. Bloomsbury Academic.
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292.
• Kallgren, C. A., Reno, R. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(8), 1002-1012.
• Karlan, D., & Wood, D. H. (2017). The Effect of Effectiveness: Donor Response to Aid Effectiveness in a Direct Mail Fundraising Experiment. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 66, 1-8.
• Laidlaw, J. (2013). In The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom. Cambridge University Press
• Lichtheim, M. (2019). Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Instructions. University of California Press.
• List, J. A. (2011).The market for charitable giving. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(2), 157-180.
• Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006). Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(42), 15623-15628.
• Nowak, M. A., & Roch, S. (2007). Upstream reciprocity and the evolution of gratitude. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 274(1610), 605-609.
• Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature, 437(7063), 1291-1298.
• Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92.
• Postgate, J. N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia : Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. Routledge.
• Prochaska, F. (1988). The Voluntary Impulse: Philanthropy in Modern Britain. Faber and Faber.
• Redford, D. B. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
• Rose, M. E. (1971). The Relief of Poverty, 1834-1914. Macmillan.
• Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20(4), 523-528.
• Singer, P. (2015). The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale University Press.
• Solihin, S. M. (2007). Copts and Muslims in Egypt. Islamic Foundation.
• Slemrod, J., & Bakija, J. (2017). Taxing Ourselves: A Citizen's Guide to the Debate Over Taxes. MIT Press.
• Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and Callousness: The Impact of Deliberative Thought on Donations to Identifiable and Statistical Victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(2), 143-153.
• Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
• Solihin, S. M. (2007). Copts and Muslims in Egypt: A Study in Harmony and Hostility. American University in Cairo Press.
• Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
• Thompson, E. P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. Pantheon Books.
• Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35-57.
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458.
• Tyldesley, J. (1998). Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh. Penguin Books.
• Veyne, P. (1992). Bread and Circuses: Historical Sociology and Political Pluralism. Penguin Books.
• Weber, M. (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.Routledge.