Misfit or Strategic Partner? The Role of Gatekeeping, Geopolitics, and Institutional mechanisms on Turkey’s EU–BRICS Relations
Abstract
Over the three decades following trade liberalization, countries have formed trade, economic, and political unions. In contrast to the European Union (EU), other formations such as BRICS, where membership criteria remain relatively ambiguous, have emerged. In such cases, institutional and structural similarities, along with trade motivations, play a significant role in determining admission. Despite the differences in governance and accession criteria, Turkey faces partial integration offers in both institutions without full membership. A review of the literature reveals that three key mechanisms exist in Turkey’s engagement with the EU and BRICS: asymmetric interdependence, institutional gatekeeping, and strategic flexibility. These can be explained through trade orientation, formal and informal rules of acceptance, alongside selective cooperation models. Therefore, partial integration should not be interpreted as an incomplete process; rather, is an equilibrium based on mutual hybrid integration. This form appears due to the coexistence of flexibility and selective gatekeeping, alongside conditions of unequal interdependence between the parties. To explain this duality, the paper argues that differentiated integration, beyond traditional arrangements, can strengthen Turkey’s position. In conclusion, when a candidate exhibits geographical, ideological, and structural similarities with multiple blocs, intermediate forms may produce more sustainable outcomes than constant candidacy or transitional membership status.
Keywords
Etik Beyan
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
29 Nisan 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
9 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi
27 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: 1