Neoliberal Transformation and Structural Power in International Political Economy

Öz

TThis article examines the main motives and fundamental policy diffusion mechanisms behind the global neoliberal transformation. The main research question of the article is that through which policy diffusion mechanisms the neoliberal transformation has gained a global attribute in the international political economy, and both the unit of analysis and the level of analysis are international system. Thus, by connecting with the peak neoliberalism debates, the article contributes to the discussions about the post-neoliberal global political economic structure. It presents a critical review of neoliberal transformation literature from the combined perspectives of international political economy and International Relations and highlights current scholarly debates and loopholes in the literature. It utilises theories of International Relations and international sociology. Variants of liberal thought are touched upon from a historical perspective and, based on their similarities and differences, what makes neoliberalism 'neo' is explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neoliberal transformation
• Neoliberalism
• Liberalisation
• International political economy
• Structural power.

Uluslararası Siyasi Ekonomide Neoliberal Dönüşüm ve Yapısal Güç

Öz

Bu çalışma, küresel neoliberal dönüşümün politika yayılma mekanizmalarını ve arkasındaki itkileri incelemektedir. Çalışmanın temel sorusu, neoliberal dönüşümün hangi politika yayılma mekanizmaları aracılığıyla uluslararası siyasi ekonomide küresel bir nitelik kazandığıdır. Makalenin hem analiz birimi, hem de analiz seviyesi uluslararası sistemdir. Böylece, doruk neoliberalizm tartışmalarına ve neoliberalizm sonrası küresel siyasi ekonomik sistem tartışmalarına da katkı yapılmaktadır. Makale, neoliberal dönüşüm literatürünün hem uluslararası siyasi ekonomi, hem de Uluslararası İlişkiler açısından eleştirel bir derlemesini sunmakta, konu hakkındaki tartışmaları ve literatürdeki boşlukları öne çıkarmakta; Uluslararası İlişkiler ve uluslararası sosyoloji teorilerini de kullanarak, özellikle yapısal güç kavramından faydalanmaktadır. Tarihsel pencereden liberal düşünce türevlerine değinilmekte ve birbiriyle benzerlik ve farklılıklarından hareketle, neoliberalizmi ‘neo’ yapan özelliğinin ne olduğuna ışık tutulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neoliberal dönüşüm
• Neoliberalizm
• Serbestleşme
• Uluslararası siyasi ekonomi
• Yapısal güç.

Kaynakça

1. Bartolini, L. ve Drazen, A. (1997). Capital-Account liberalization as a signal. American Economic Review, 87(1), 138-154.
2. Beveridge, W. (1945). Why am I a liberal. Londra: Jenkins Publishing.
3. Birch, K. ve Mykhnenko, V. (2010). Introduction, A world turned right way up. Birch K. ve Mykhnenko V. (Ed.), The rise and fall of neoliberalism: The collapse of an economic order? içinde (pp. 2-3). Londra: Zed Books.
4. Boas, T. C., ve Gans-Morse, J. (2009). Neoliberalism: From new liberal philosophy to anti-liberal slogan. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44, 137-161.
5. Cox, R. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 126-155.
6. Cros, J. (1950). Le "Néo-libéralisme" et la révision du libéralisme. Toulouse: University of Toulouse.
7. Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2(3), 201-215.
8. Deutsch, K. W. (1973). The analysis of international relations. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

9. Dil Derneği. (2023). Neoliberalizm. http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR,274/turkce-sozluk-ara-bul.html. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos, 2023.
10. Drezner, D. (2001). Globalization and policy convergence. International Studies Review, 3(1), 53-78.
11. Duménil, G., ve Levy, D. (2004). Capital resurgent: Roots of the neoliberal revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
12. F.Kentikelenis, A., ve Babb, S. (2019). The making of neoliberal globalization: Norm substitution and the politics of clandestine institutional change. American Journal of Sociology, 124(6), 1720-1762.
13. Friedrich, C. J. (1955). The political thought of neo-liberalism. American Political Science Review, 49(2), 509-525.
14. Gamble, A. (2001). Neo-liberalism. Capital and Class, 25(3), 127-134.
15. Gamble, A., ve Payne, A. (1996). Regionalism and world order. New York: St. Martin's Press.
16. Gide, C. (1898). Has co-operation introduced a new principle into economics? The Economic Journal, 8(32), 490-511.
17. Gide, C. (1922). Consumers' co-operative societies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
18. Gilpin, R. (2001). Global political economy: Understanding the international economic order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
19. Granovetter, M. (1978). Threshold models of collective behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 83(6), 1420-1443.
20. Haggard, S. ve Simmons, B. A. (1987). Theories of international regimes. International Organization, 41(3), 491-517.
21. Hall, P. A. (1993). Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain. Comparative Politcs, 25(3), 275-296.
22. Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Holsti, K. J. (1977). International politics: A framework for analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
24. Jilberto, A. E. (1993). Chile: The laboratory experiment of international neo-liberalism. H. Overbeek H. (Ed.), Restructuring hegemony in the global political economy: The rise of transnational neo-liberalism in the 1980s içinde (pp. 58-78). Londra: Routledge.
25. Joseph, J. (2011). Structural power. Dowding K. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of power içinde (ss. 636-641). Kaliforniya: SAGE.
26. Kalecki, M. (1943). Political aspects of full employment. The Political Quarterly, 14(4), 322- 331.
27. Keynes, J. M. (2017). The general theory of employment, interest, and money. Ware: Wordsworth Editions.
28. Krasner, S. (1985). Structural conflict: The third world against global liberalism. Berkley: University of California Press.
29. Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185-205.
30. Mehta, L. (1999). From darkness to light? Critical reflections on the world development report 1998/99. Journal of Development Studies, 36(1), 151-161.
31. Nye, J. S. (2004). Power in the global information age: From realizm to globalization. Londra: Routledge.
32. O'Neill, P. (2003). Bringing the qualitative state back into economic geography. Barnes T., Peck J., Sheppard E. ve Tickell A. (Ed.), Reading economic geography içinde (ss. 257-271). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
33. Organski, A. F. (1968). World politics. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
34. Ostry, J. D., Loungani, P. ve Furceri, D. (2016). Neoliberalism: oversold? Finance and Development, 53(2), 38-41.
35. Overbeek, H. ve Apeldoorn, B. v. (2012). Neoliberalism in crisis. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
36. Pirie, M. (2017). The neoliberal mind: The ideology of the future. The Adam Smith Institute.
37. Rawls, J. (1993). Political liberalism. New York: Columbia Press.
38. Rodrik, D. (2006). Goodbye Washington consensus, hello Washington confusion? A review of the World Bank’s economic growth in the 1990s: Learning from a decade of reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 973-987.
39. Ryan, A. (1993). Liberalism. Goodin R. E. ve Pettit P.(Ed.), A companion to contemporary political philosophy içinde (ss. 360-382). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
40. Saad-Filho, A. ve Johnston, D. (2005). Introduction. Saad-Filho A. ve Johnston D. (Ed.), Neoliberalism - A critical reader içinde (pp. 1-7). Londra: Pluto Press.
41. Schelling, T. C. (1978). Micromotives and macrobehavior. New York: W.W. Norton.
42. Simmons, B. A. ve Elkins, Z. (2004). The globalization of liberalization: Policy diffusion in the international political economy. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 171-189.
43. Smith, C. (2017, July 6). A brief examination of neoliberalism and its consequences in cociology. Sociology Lens, http://www.sociologylens.net/topics/political-economic-sociology/neoliberalism-consequences/10869. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2023.
44. Steger, M. B. ve Roy, R. K. (2010). Neoliberalism: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
45. Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalization and its discontents. New York: Norton.
46. Stopford, J. M., Strange, S. ve Henley, J. S. (1991). Rival states, rival firms: Competition for world market shares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Strange, S. (1990). Finance, information and power. Review of International Studies, 16(3), 259-274.
48. Strange, S. (1994). States and markets. Londra: Continuum.
49. Strange, S. (1996). The retreat of the state: The diffusion of power in the world economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Swain, A., Mykhnenko, V. ve French, S. (2010). The corruption industry and transition: neoliberalizing post-Soviet space? Birch K. ve Mykhnenko V. (Ed.), The rise and fall of neoliberalism: The collapse of an economic order? içinde (pp. 112-133). Londra: Zed Books.
51. Thorsen, D. E. ve Amund, L. (2017, June 3). What is neoliberalism? University of Oslo, Department of Political Science: http://folk.uio.no/daget/neoliberalism.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 4 Haziran 2017.
52. Ünal, S. (2023). Neoliberal transformation of electricity: International political economy of the Turkish case. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan.
53. Waeyenberge, E. V. (2010). Tightening the web: The World Bank and enforced policy reform. Birch K. ve Mykhnenko V. (Ed.), The rise and fall of neoliberalism: The collapse of an economic order? içinde (pp. 94-111). Londra: Zed Books.
54. Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Long Grove: Waveland Press.
55. Williamson, J. (1990). Latin American adjustment: How much has happened?, Vaşington DC: Institute for International Economics.
56. Wolhensohn, J. (1996). People and development. Vaşington DC: World Bank.
57. World Bank. (1998). Assessing aid: What works, what doesn’t and why. New York: Oxford University Press.
58. World Bank. (2005). Economic growth in the 1990s: Learning a decade of reform. Vaşington DC: World Bank.