Employee Well-Being: A Scale Development Study

Öz

The aim of this study is to introduce a holistic well-being scale into Turkish by determining the dimensions that contribute to the well-being of individuals in working life. Since Turkish literature lacks a multidimensional scale to measure employee well-being, it is aimed to bring a derived scale to the local literature by combining the dimensions of various well-being scales in foreign literature. In this regard, dimensions on various scales in the literature were compiled, and a total 10-dimensional employee well-being scale was created, consisting of psychological, workplace, occupational, emotional, environmental, intellectual, physical, social, spiritual, and financial well-being that reveal the general well-being of employees. The study sample comprises individuals employed in the production (N= 312) and service (N= 423) sectors in Istanbul. The data obtained through the survey were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. As a result of the analysis, the Cronbach Alpha value, which shows the internal consistency and reliability of the scale, was calculated as α = .986 for both sample groups. The factor structure of the scale was determined through the use of exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the scale's construct validity. The findings prove that the “multidimensional employee well-being scale” is a measurement tool with high internal consistency, reliability, and structural validity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Multi-factorial well-being
• Employee well-being
• Scale adaptation

Çalışan İyi Oluşu: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışma hayatındaki bireylerin iyi oluşuna zemin hazırlayan boyutları belirleyerek bütünsel bir genel iyi oluş ölçeğini Türkçeye kazandırmaktır. Türkçe literatürde çalışanların genel iyi oluşlarını belirlemeye yönelik çok boyutlu bir ölçeğin olmaması nedeniyle yabancı literatürde çeşitli iyi oluş ölçeklerindeki boyutların birleştirilerek, türetilmiş bir ölçeğin yerli literatüre kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda literatürde yer alan çeşitli ölçeklerdeki boyutlar derlenmiş ve çalışanların genel iyi oluşunu ortaya çıkaran; psikolojik, işyeri, mesleki, duygusal, çevresel, düşünsel, fiziksel, sosyal, manevi ve finansal iyi oluş boyutlarından oluşan toplamda 10 boyutlu çalışan iyi oluşu ölçeği oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemi İstanbul’da üretim (N= 312) ve hizmet (N= 423) sektöründe çalışan bireylerden oluşmaktadır. Anket ile elde edilen veriler SPSS ve AMOS programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını ve güvenilirliğini gösteren Cronbach Alfa değeri; her iki örneklem grubu için α =.986 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Keşfedici faktör analizi ile ölçeğin faktör yapısı belirlenmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile de ölçeğin yapı geçerliliği test edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, çok boyutlu çalışan iyi oluş ölçeğinin yüksek iç tutarlılığı sahip, güvenilir ve yapısal geçerliliği olan bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çok boyutlu iyi oluş
• Çalışan iyi oluşu
• Ölçek uyarlaması

Kaynakça

1. Adams, T., Bezner, J. ve Steinhardt, M. (1997). The conceptualization and measurement of perceived wellness: Integrating balance across and within dimensions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(3), 208-218.
2. Aegon and C.E.B.R. (2017). Financial Wellbeing in the Workplace: A summary of the Aegon and Centre for Economics and Business Research report. Erişim adresi: https://a.storyblok.com/f/102007/x/ce5358c46a/financial-wellbeing-in-the-workplace.pdf
3. Aked, J., Marks, N., Cordon, C. ve Thompson, S. (2008). A report presented to the Foresight Project on communicating the evidence base for improving people’s well-being. London: New Economics Foundation.
4. Aktürk, Ü., Erci, B. ve Araz, M. (2023). Functional evaluation of treatment of chronic disease: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the spiritual well-being scale. Palliative and Supportive Care, 15, 684-692.
5. Alam, M. M. D., Alam, M. Z., Rahman, S. A. ve Taghizadeh, S. K. (2021). Factors influencing mHealth adoption and its impact on mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemic: A SEM-ANN approach. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 116, 103722.
6. Alexandrova, A. A. (2017). Philosophy for the science of well-being. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
7. Ashmos, D. P. ve Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
8. Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldıne Publishing Company.

9. Brislin R.W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.
10. Capio, C.M., Sit, C.H.P. ve Abernethy, B. (2014). Physical well-being. In: Michalos, A.C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer.
11. Carmeli, A., Yitzhak‐Halevy, M. ve Weisberg, J. (2009). The relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(1), 66-78.
12. Choi KW, Chen CY, Stein MB, Klimentidis YC, Wang MJ, Koenen KC. ve Smoller JW. (2019). Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: A 2-sample mendelian randomization study. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 399-408.
13. Colenberg, S., Meulenbroek, R.A., Herrera, N.R. ve Keyson, D. (2020). Conceptualizing social well-being in activity-based offices. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 36(4), 327-343.
14. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2015). Measuring financial well-being: a guide to using the CFPB financial well-being scale. Erişim adresi: https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201512_cfpb_financial-well-being-user-guide-scale.pdf
15. Costello, J. (2020). Workplace Wellbeing: A Relational Approach. Erişim adresi: https://www.google.com.tr/books/edition/Workplace_Wellbeing/pXznDwAAQBAJ?hl=tr&gbpv=1&dq=Workplace+wellbeing:+A+relational+approach&printsec=frontcover
16. Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamaları. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
17. Coverdale, G. E. ve Long, A. F. (2015). Emotional wellbeing and mental health: an exploration into health promotion in young people and families. Perspectives in Public Health, 135(1), 27–36.
18. Cox, A., Hooker, H., Markwick, C. ve Reilly, P. (2009). Financial well-being in the workplace. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
19. Coyle, D., Linehan, C., Tang, K. ve Lindley, S. (2012). Interaction design and emotional wellbeing. In CHI'12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2775-2778.
20. Çakır, G. ve Ergin, R. (2023). Fiziksel aktivite ve iyi oluş ilişkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 1367-1374.
21. Çelik, G. ve İnce, M. (2020). Örgütsel bağlılık ve iş tatmininin iş performansı üzerine etkisi. Ankara: İKSAD Yayınevi.
22. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları (4. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
23. DeNeve, J.-E. ve Ward, G. (2023). Measuring workplace wellbeing. Working Paper Series 2303. University of Oxford. Erişim adresi: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/object s/uuid:fedcfcaf-6b31-485a-891f-243acc0b3abd.
24. Deniz, Z. (2007). Psikolojik ölçme aracı uyarlama. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 1-16.
25. Diener, E. vd. (2009). New measures of well-being. In E. Diener (Eds.), Assessing well-being. Social Indicators Research Series (Vol 39). Springer.
26. Doble, S. E. ve Santha, J. C. (2008). Occupational well-being: rethinking occupational therapy outcomes. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(3), 184–190.
27. Dugan, R., Ubal, V. O. ve Scott, M. L. (2022). Sales well-being: a salesperson-focused framework for individual, organizational, and societal well-being. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 43(1), 65–83.
28. Dutton, J.E. ve Ragins, B.R. (2007). Positive relationships at work: an introduction and invitation. In Dutton, J.E. and Ragins, B.R. (Eds), Exploring Positive Relationships at Work, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 3-25.
29. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO). (2024). Health and Well-Being. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being
30. Edwards, M.R. ve Bach, S. (2012). Human Resource Management in Transition. Managing Human Resources, 5th edition, (Ed.Stephen Bach & Martin R.Edwards), New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1–17.
31. Febriani, R., Hasanah, S.N., Roz, K. ve Hakim, A.R. (2023). The impact of workplace spiritualty, work-family conflict, and loneliness in work on intention to stay: Case study on women employees in Indonesia. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(4), 1-16.
32. Ferrara, C., Martella, F. ve Vichi, M. (2012). Dimensions of well-being and their statistical measurements. In Book of short papers: In 46th Scientific Meeting on the Italian Statistical Society.
33. Foster, L.T., Keller, C.P., McKee, B. ve Ostry, A.C. (2011). British Columbia Atlas of Wellness 2nd Edition. Victoria, B.C.: Western Geographical Press.
34. Fuentes, M. F. O. ve Valenzuela, N. S. G. (2024). Place marketing, happiness and communication structure. Review and context of consumer wellbeing. IROCAMM-International Review of Communication and Marketing Mix, 7(2), 51-66.
35. George D. ve Mallery P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
36. Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well‐being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 22-38.
37. Güzel, H. ve Mamatoğlu, N. (2024). İş yerinde iyi oluş ölçeğinin uyarlama çalışması. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry, 4(1), 1-14.
38. Halleröd, B. ve Seldén, D. (2013). The Multi-dimensional Characteristics of Wellbeing: How Different Aspects of Wellbeing Interact and Do Not Interact with Each Other. Soc Indic Res.,113, 807–825.
39. Hambleton, R. K. & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1-30.
40. Hides, L., Quinn, C., Stoyanov, S., Cockshaw, W., Mitchell, T. ve J.Kavanagh, D. (2016). Is the mental wellbeing of young Australians best represented by a single multidimensional or bifactor model? Psychiatry Research. 241, 1-7.
41. Hofman, J., Garrod, B., Stewart, K., Stepanek, M. ve Van Belle, J. (2018). Workplace Wellbeing Charter: Analysis of take-up and impact. Rand Health Q. 7(2), 1-6.
42. Husain, A ve Akram, M. (2022). Dimensions of wellbeing. psycho ınformation technologies. New Delhi. Psycho Information Technologies.
43. Intellectual Well-being. (2024). https://uwaterloo.ca/engineering-wellness-program/the-nine-dimensions-wellness/intellectual-wellness (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2024).
44. Işık, İ. (2015). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi profesyonellerinin iş ortamındaki zorbalık davranışlarına dair perspektifleri: zorbalığın tanımı, nedenleri ve sonuçları. Çalışma ve Toplum, 4(47), 237-274.
45. İlhan, S. (2004). Bazı temel işlevleri ve artan önemi açısından meslek. Fırat Üniversitesi Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 132-137.
46. Jones, P.S., Lee J.W., Phillips, L.R., Zhang, X.E. ve Jaceldo, K.B. (2001). An adaptation of Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research. Nursing Research, 50, 300–304.
47. Jöreskog, K. G., ve Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc.
48. Kalafatoğlu, M. R., ve Balcı Çelik, S. (2020). Genel İyi Oluş Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(25), 3633-3653.
49. Kalaycı, Ş. (2016). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın.
50. Karavelioğlu, C., Baran, H. ve Giderler, M. E. (2023). Sessiz istifa kavramına genel bir bakış. Güncel İşletmecilik Araştırmaları, 4, 1-19.
51. Karimi, M. ve Brazier, J. (2016). Health, health-related quality of life, and quality of life: what is the difference?. Pharmacoeconomics, 34, 645-649.
52. Keyes, C. L. (2003). Complete mental health: An agenda for the 21st century. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 293–312). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10594-013
53. Kiepek, N. ve Magalhães, L. (2011). Addictions and Impulse-Control Disorders as Occupation: A Selected Literature Review and Synthesis. Journal of Occupational Science, 18(3), 254–276.
54. Linton, M. J., Dieppe, P. ve Medina-Lara, A. (2016). Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time. BMJ open, 6(7), e010641.
55. Litchfield, P., Cooper, C., Hancock, C. ve Watt, P. (2016). Work and wellbeing in the 21st century. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1065.
56. Longo, Y., Coyne, I. ve Joseph, S. (2018). Development of the short version of the scales of general well-being: The 14-item SGWB. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 31–34.
57. Lucia‐Casademunt, A. M., Ariza‐Montes, J. A. ve Morales‐Gutiérrez, A. C. (2013). Determinants of occupational well‐being among executive women. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 26(2), 229-257.
58. Mayer, C.H. ve Geldenhuys, D. (2019). Workplace spirituality and wellness: An organizational neuroscientific perspective. London: The Routledge Companion to Management and Workplace Spirituality.
59. Michalos, A. C. (Ed.). (2014). Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
60. Human and Social Development & Department of Geography. Erişim adresi: https://igsconference2017.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/critical_synthesis-of-wellness-update-2.pdf.
61. Nunnally, J. C., ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
62. O’Neil A, Quirk SE, Housden S, Brennan SL, Williams LJ., Pasco JA., Berk, M. ve Jacka, F.N. (2014). Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health. 104(10), 31–42.
63. Odacı, H., Kaya, F., & Kınık, Ö. (2021). Genel İyi Oluş Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 52, 97-111.
64. Paavola, S. ve K. Hakkarainen. (2005). The knowledge creation metaphor – An emergent epistemological approach to learning. Science and Education, 14, 535–557.
65. Popescu, L., Bocean, C. G., Vărzaru, A. A., Avram, C. D. ve Iancu, A. (2022). A two-stage SEM—Artificial neural network analysis of the engagement impact on employees’ well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7326.
66. Pradhan, R. K. ve Hati, L. (2019). The Measurement of Employee Well-being: Development and Validation of a Scale. Global Business Review, 1-23.
67. Princeton UMatter (2020). Wellness Self-Assessment. Princeton UMatter Wellness Self-Assessment. Erişim adresi: https://umatter.princeton.edu/wellness-self-assessment#no-back.
68. Pyvovarchyk, I., Tsybukh, L. ve Badiul, L. (2022). Psychological well-being and intelligence. Science and Education, 3, 61-69.
69. Ryang, S. (2016). Can urban agriculture contribute to well-being? : an analytical perspective. PhD Thesis. UCL (University College London). Erişim adresi: https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.771685.
70. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069.
71. Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.
72. Senthilkumar, T., Cherian, V. ve Augustine, N. (2021). Impact of COVID 19 on general wellbeing of working women in Kerala. International Journal of Nursing Education, 13(3), 104-108.
73. Sinani, M. (2021). Financial well-being, theoretical concepts. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, 1(3), 82-89.
74. Stadler, R., Walters, T. ve Jepson, A. S. (2022). “Work it, work it non-stop”– Event industry employees' unconscious application of the Five Ways to Wellbeing. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 14(1), 41-55.
75. Stephens, J.P., Heaphy, E.D., Dutton, J.E., Spreitzer, G.M. ve Cameron, K.S. (2011). High-quality connections, in Spreitzer, G.M. and Cameron, K.S. (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
76. Stewart, G. L. ve Brown, K. G. (2020). Human resource management linking strategy to practice. 4th Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
77. Strout K. A. ve Howard E. P. (2012). The six dimensions of wellness and cognition in aging adults. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 30(3), 195-204.
78. Swarbrick, M. (2012). A Wellness Approach to Mental Health Recovery. Rudnick, Abraham. (Ed.). Recovery of people with mental illness: Philosophical and related perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 30-38.
79. Şedattlı, Ö. S. ve Tengilimoğlu, D. (2013). Bir Çalışan Güvenliği Problemi Örgütsel Sinizm: Van İli Sağlık Çalışanları Örneği. IV. Uluslararası Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Kongresi Sözel Bildiriler, 1, 39-62.
80. Şimşek, Ö. F., (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları, Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınevi.
81. Tanhan, A. (2020). COVID-19 Sürecinde Online Seslifoto (OSF) Yöntemiyle Biyopsikososyal Manevi ve Ekonomik Meseleleri ve Genel İyi Oluş Düzeyini Ele Almak: OSF’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1029-1086.
82. Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik çalışması. Hacettepe ve Üniversitesi Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
83. Thomas, Y., Gray, M. A. ve McGinty, S. (2017). The occupational wellbeing of people experiencing homelessness. Journal of Occupational Science, 24(2), 181–192.
84. Tinypulse (2020). The Only Workplace Wellness Survey Template You Need to Get Real Insights. Erişim adresi: https://www.tinypulse.com/blog/employee-survey-questions-about-wellness-and-health. (Erişim Tarihi: 20. 04. 2023).
85. Tov, W. (2018). Well-being concepts and components. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers.
86. Turan, N. (2018). Çalışma mutluluğu: Kavram ve kapsam. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 169-212.
87. Wallace, J. (2022). Making a healthy change: a historical analysis of workplace wellbeing. Management & Organizational History, 17(1-2), 20-42.
88. Wang, Y. ve Yang, D. (2022). Analysis of the impact mechanism of occupational identity on occupational well-being based on big data. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2022(1).
89. Werner, O., ve Campbell, D. (1970). Translating, working through interpreters, and the problem of decentering. In R. Naroll & R. Cohen (Eds.), A handbook of method in cultural anthropol-ogy (398-420). New York: Natural History Press.
90. White, S. C. (2010). Analysing wellbeing: a framework for development practice. Development in Practice, 20(2), 158–172. doi: 10.1080/09614520903564199
91. WHO. (2022). Mental Health. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiArva5BhBiEiwA-oTnXewsHIPggil-N0aXnxe16DB50KFe18cFOsq40B7BgC3rbtZySzy_mBoCV-EQAvD_BwE (Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024).
92. WHO. (‎2023)‎. Achieving well-being: a global framework for integrating well-being into public health utilizing a health promotion approach. World Health Organization. Erişim Adresi: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/376200/9789240084858-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
93. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
94. Yurcu, G. (2014). Konaklama işletmelerinde çalışanların örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışlarının iş doyumu ve öznel iyi oluşlarına etkisi. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Aydın.
95. Zheng, X, Zhu, W, Zhao, H. ve Zhang, C (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 621–644. doi: 10.1002/job.1990.