E-Ticaret Lojistiğinde Dijitalleşme: Lojistik 4.0, Otonom Sistemler ve Deniz Taşımacılığına Etkilerinin Hukuki Düzenlemeler Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Öz

E-ticaretin ve dijital lojistik uygulamalarının hızla yaygınlaşması, uluslararası taşımacılıkta kullanılan geleneksel hukuki yapıların dijital sistemler karşısındaki yeterliliğini tartışmalı hâle getirmiştir. Özellikle dijital taşıma belgeleri, blokzincir tabanlı sözleşmeler ve otonom taşıma sistemleri, mevcut uluslararası taşıma hukuku rejimlerinin bu yeni uygulamalara ne ölçüde uyum sağlayabildiği sorusunu gündeme getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, Lojistik 4.0 bağlamında ortaya çıkan söz konusu dijital uygulamaların, mevcut uluslararası taşıma kurallarıyla ne ölçüde örtüştüğünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, nitel bir normatif-doktrinel ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk analizi olarak kurgulanmış; CMR Konvansiyonu, Lahey-Visby, Hamburg ve Rotterdam Kuralları’nda taşıma belgeleri ve konişmentolara ilişkin hükümler madde bazında analiz edilmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı değerlendirme, belgenin hukuki niteliği, elektronik belgeye tanınan statü, belge tekilliği ve kontrol mekanizmaları ile devredilebilirlik ölçütleri temelinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, CMR, Lahey-Visby ve Hamburg Kuralları’nın dijital taşıma belgeleri ve otonom sistemler bakımından sınırlı veya örtük çözümler sunduğu; buna karşılık Rotterdam Kuralları’nın elektronik taşıma belgelerini açıkça tanıyan ve dijital lojistik uygulamalarıyla daha uyumlu bir normatif çerçeve sunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, özellikle e-CMR Ek Protokolü ve Rotterdam Kuralları çerçevesinde, uluslararası taşıma hukukunun dijital dönüşüm karşısında güncellenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• E- ticaret lojistiği
• Uluslararası taşıma hukuku
• Dijital dönüşüm

Digitalization in E-Commerce Logistics: Analysis of Logistics 4.0, Autonomous Systems and Their Effects on Maritime Transportation in the Context of Legal Regulations

Öz

The rapid proliferation of e-commerce and digital logistics applications has called into question the adequacy of traditional legal frameworks used in international transportation when faced with digital systems. In particular, digital transport documents, blockchain-based contracts, and autonomous transport systems raise the question of the extent to which existing international transport law regimes can adapt to these new applications. This study aims to examine the extent to which these digital applications, emerging in the context of Logistics 4.0, align with existing international transport rules. The research is structured as a qualitative normative-doctrinal and comparative legal analysis; provisions regarding transport documents and bills of lading in the CMR Convention, the Hague-Visby, Hamburg, and Rotterdam Rules have been analyzed on a clause-by-clause basis. The comparative assessment was conducted based on the legal nature of the document, the status granted to electronic documents, document uniqueness and control mechanisms, and transferability criteria. The analysis concluded that the CMR, Hague-Visby, and Hamburg Rules offer limited or implicit solutions regarding digital transport documents and autonomous systems; in contrast, the Rotterdam Rules explicitly recognize electronic transport documents and provide a normative framework more compatible with digital logistics applications. The study highlights the need to update international transport law in light of digital transformation, particularly within the framework of the e-CMR Additional Protocol and the Rotterdam Rules.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• E-commerce logistics
• International transport law
• Digital transformation

Kaynakça

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