GİRİŞİMCİLİK EĞİTİMİNİN GİRİŞİMCİ KARİYER ALGISI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: GELİŞMEKTE OLAN BİR EKONOMİDEN KANITLAR

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 46, 96 - 116, 14.10.2015

Haroon Muzaffar Özge Gökbulut Özdemir Semih Ceyhan

Öz

Girişimcilik eğitimi, öğrencilere, girişimcilik kariyerini seçmeleri için ilham veren, araştırmacıların ve ulusal politikacıların
büyük bir odak noktası haline gelmektedir. Fakat, literatürde girişimcilik eğitiminden beklenen etkiler konusunda çelişkili
görüşler vardır. Bu çalışma, girişimcilik eğitiminde amaçlanan etkilerinin daha iyi bir şekilde anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaya
çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmada biz sosyo-bilişsel yaklaşım ve karakter yaklaşımlarına istinaden katılımcıların bilişsel faktörleri ve
psikolojik özellikleri hususunda girişimcilik eğitiminin etkisini inceledik. Bu amaç dahilinde, niceliksel bir araştırma yürüttük.
Çıktı olarak girişimcilik eğitiminin negatif ve önemsiz bir etkisi olduğunu gördük. Bu sebepten ötürü, girişimcilik eğitiminin,
katılımcıları nasıl ve ne şekilde etkilediğini anlamak için, görüşmeye dayalı niteliksel bir araştırma yürüttük.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimcilik Eğitimi, Kişilik Özellikleri, Girişimcilik Kariyeri, Sosyo-Bilişsel Faktörler, Planlı Davranış Teorisi, Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomi

IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON ENTREPRENEURIAL CAREER PERCEPTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM AN EMERGING ECONOMY

Öz

Entrepreneurship education becomes a great focal point of interest for researchers and national policy makers for stimulating students to pursue entrepreneurial careers. However, in literature there are conflicting views about the desired impacts of entrepreneurship education. This study tries to contribute to a better understanding of the intended impacts of entrepreneurship education. We investigated the impact of entrepreneurship education on the cognitive factors and psychological attributes of participants by relying on the socio-cognitive and trait approaches. For this purpose we conducted a quantitative research. We found a negative and insignificant impact of entrepreneurship education. Therefore, to understand how and in what ways entrepreneurship education impacts the participants we conducted interview-based qualitative research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurship Education, Personality Traits, Entrepreneurial Career, Socio-Cognitive Factors, Theory of Planned Behavior, Emerging Economy

Kaynakça

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
• Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Reasoned and Automatic Processes. European
• Review Of Social Psychology, 11(1), 1-33. Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., and Fiet, J. O. (2014). The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial
• Intentions: A Meta Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217-254. Bagheri, A., and Pihie, Z. A. L. (2014). The Moderating Role Of Gender In Shaping Entrepreneurial Intentions: Implications For
• Vocational Guidance. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, March, 1-19. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efŞcacy: The Exercise of Control. John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26.
• Baron, R. A. (2004). The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool For Answering Entrepreneurship's Basic “Why” Questions.
• Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221-239. Bayirbag, K. M. (2010). Local Entrepreneurialism and State Rescaling in Turkey. Urban Studies, 47(2), 363-385.
• Begley, T. M., and Tan, W. L. (2001). The Socio-Cultural Environment for Entrepreneurship: A Comparison Between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon Countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3), 537-553.
• Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
• Boyd, N. G., and Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The Influence of Self-Efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 18, 63-63.
• Bozkurt, O., Aslan, Z., and Goral, M. (2011). Yuksekogretimde Verilen Girisimcilik Egitiminin Ogrencilerin Girisimcilik
• Egilimine Etkisi: Teknik Program ve Sosyal Program Karsılaştırmalı Bir Arastırma. Uluslarası Yuksekogretim Kongresi Yeni Yonelisler ve Sorunlar, 27-29 May, 822-833. Brockhaus, R. H. (1982). The Psychology of the Entrepreneur. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 39
• Brockhaus, R. H., and Horwitz, P. S. (1986). “The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship.” The Psychology of the Entrepreneur.
• Ed. DSR Smilor. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 25-48. Brockhaus, R. H., and Nord, W. R. (1979). “An Exploration of Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Decision: Personal
• Characteristic vs. Environmental Conditions.” In Academy of Management Proceedings, (Vol. 1979, No. 1, pp. 364-368).
• Academy of Management. Cardoso, P., and Moreira, J. M. (2009). Self-Efficacy Beliefs and the Relation Between Career Planning and Perception of
• Barriers. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 9(3), 177-188. Charney, A., Libecap, G. D., and Center, K. E. (2000). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: An Evaluation of the Berger
• Entrepreneurship Program At The University Of Arizona. The Karl Eller Center of The College of Business and Public Administration. Chell, E. (1985). The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Few Ghosts Laid To Rest? International Small Business Journal, 3(3), 43
• Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., and Crick, A. (1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs From
• Managers?. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316. Curran, J., and Stanworth, J. (1989). Education and Training For Enterprise: Problems of Classification, Evaluation, Policy And Research. International Small Business Journal 7(2), 11-22.
• Cromie, S. and Johns, S. (1983). Irish Entrepreneurs: Some Personal Characteristics. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 4, 317
• De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., and Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: The Development Of A Measure and Its
• Relationship to Entrepreneurial Action. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 1999, 73-87.
• Douglas, E. J., and Shepherd, D. A. (2000). Entrepreneurship as A Utility Maximizing Response. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 231-251.
• Drnovšek, M., Wincent, J., and Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Business Start-Up: Developing A Multi
• Dimensional Definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16(4), 329-348. Engle, D. E., Mah, J. J., and Sadri, G. (1997). An Empirical Comparison of Entrepreneurs And Employees: Implications For
• Innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 45-49. Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., and Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: A New
• Methodology. Journal of European industrial training, 30(9), 701-720. Fayolle, A., and Klandt, H. (2006). Issues and Newness In the Field Of Entrepreneurship Education: New Lenses for New
• Practical and Academic Questions. In International Entrepreneurship Education, edited by A. Fayolle and H. Klandt, 1-17. Edward Elgar, MA:USA Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
• Forbes, D. P. (2005). The Effects of Strategic Decision Making on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 29(5), 599-626.
• Garavan, T. N., and O'Cinneide, B. (1994). Entrepreneurship Education and Training Programmes: A Review and Evaluation–
• Part Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(11), 13-21. Gibb, A. (2002). Creating Conducive Environments for Learning and Entrepreneurship: Living with, Dealing with, Creating and Enjoying Uncertainty and Complexity. Industry and Higher Education, 16(3), 135-148.
• Guay, F., Mageau, G. A., and Vallerand, R. J. (2003). On the Hierarchical Structure of Self-Determined Motivation: A Test of
• Top-Down, Bottom-Up, Reciprocal, and Horizontal Effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 992-1004.
• Gundry, L. K., Ofstein, L. F., and Kickul, J. R. (2014). Seeing Around Corners: How Creativity Skills In Entrepreneurship
• Education Influence Innovation In Business. The International Journal of Management Education, in press. doi: 1016/j.ijme.2014.03.002
• Hansemark, O. C. (1998). The Effects Of An Entrepreneurship Programme on Need for Achievement and Locus of Control of
• Reinforcement. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 4(1), 28-50. Hansemark, O. C. (2003). Need for Achievement, Locus of Control and the Prediction of Business Start-Ups: A Longitudinal
• Study. Journal of Economic Psychology, 24(3), 301-319. Hatch, J., and Zweig, J. (2000). Departments-Entrepreneurs-What Is the Stuff of an Entrepreneur?. Ivey Business Journal, 65(2), 68
• Henry, C., and Treanor, L. (2010). Entrepreneurship Education and Veterinary Medicine: Enhancing Employable Skills.
• Education and Training, 52(8/9), 607-623. Henry, C., Hill, F., and Leitch, C. (2003). Entrepreneurship Education and Training. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and Organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization, 15-41.
• Hussain, G, J., Scott, M, J., and Harry, M. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on succession in ethnic minority family firms. Education and Training, 52, 643 - 659.
• Ipcioglu, I., and Taser, A. (2011). The effects of business education on entrepreneurship characteristics: an empirical study.
• Internatıonal Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(2), 121-130. Ireland, D. R., and Webb, J. W. (2007). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating Competitive Advantage Through Streams of
• Innovation. Business Horizons, 50(1), 49-59. Jamieson, I. (1984). Schools and Enterprise. Education for Enterprise, 1(1), 7-18.
• Johannisson, B. (1991). University Training for Entrepreneurship: Swedish Approaches. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 3(1), 67-82.
• Johnson, B. R. (1990). Toward A Multidimensional Model of Entrepreneurship: The Case of Achievement Motivation and the Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 14(3), 39-54.
• Jones, P., Penaluna, A., and Pittaway, L. (2014). Entrepreneurship education: A recipe for change?. The International Journal of
• Management Education, 12 (3), 304-306. Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K., Barbosa, S. D., and Whitcanack, L. (2009). Intuition Versus Analysis? Testing Differential Models of
• Cognitive Style on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and the New Venture Creation Process. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 33(2), 439-453. Kirby, D.A. (2003). Entrepreneurship. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead.
• Kirkwood, J., Dwyer, K., and Gray, B. (2014). “Students’ reflections on the value of an entrepreneurship education. The International Journal of Management Education, 12 (3), 307-316.
• Kolvereid, L., and Isaksen, E. (2006). New Business Start-Up and Subsequent Entry Into Self-Employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.
• Krueger, N. F. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability.
• Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-21. Krueger, N. F., and Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 91-91.
• Krueger, N. F., and Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
• Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330. Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., and Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
• Kuratko, D. F. (2005). The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, And Challenges. Entrepreneurship,
• Theory and Practice, 29(5), 577-598. Liñán, F. (2004). Intention-Based Models of Entrepreneurship Education. Piccolla Impresa/Small Business 3(1), 11-35.
• Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and Value Perceptions: How Do They Affect Entrepreneurial Intentions?. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257-272.
• Liñán, F., and Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of A Specific Instrument to Measure
• Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. Lorz, M., Mueller, S., and Volery, T. (2013). Entrepreneurship Education: A Systematic Review of the Methods in Impact
• Studies. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 21(2), 123-151. Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., and Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the Formation of Human Capital In Entrepreneurship: A Meta
• Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education Outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 211-224. Matlay, Harry. (2008). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15 (2): 382-396.
• Matlay, H., and Carey, C. (2007). Entrepreneurship Education in the UK: A Longitudinal Perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(2), 252-263.
• McClelland, D. C. (1961). Achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
• McClelland, D. C. (1965). N Achievement And Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), 389.
• McMullen, J. S., and Shepherd, D. A. (2006). Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 132-152.
• McMullan, W., and Long, W. A. (1987). Entrepreneurship Education in the Nineties. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(3), 261- 2
• Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from Case Study
• Research in Education. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome St, San Francisco, CA 94104.
• Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A., and Smith, J. B. (2002). Toward a Theory of
• Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 93-104. Mitra, J., and Matlay, H. (2004). Entrepreneurial and Vocational Education and Training: Lessons From Eastern and Central
• Europe. Industry and Higher Education, 18(1), 53-61. Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., and Zarafshani, K. (2011). A Cross-Cultural Approach to
• Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Career Development, doi: 10.1177/0894845310384481.
• Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
• Neck, H. M., and Greene, P. G. (2011). Entrepreneurship Education: Known Worlds and New Frontiers. Journal of Small
• Business Management, 49(1), 55-70. Olomi, D. R., and Sinyamule, R. S. (2009). “Entrepreneurial Inclinations of Vocational Education Students: A Comparative
• Study of Male and Female Trainees in Iringa Region, Tanzania. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(1), 103-125. Oosterbeek, H., van Praag, M., and Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship Skills and Motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454.
• Packham, G., Jones, P., Miller, C., Pickernell, D. and Thomas, B. (2010). Attitudes towards entrepreneurial education: a comparative analysis. Education and Training, 52 (8/9), 568-586.
• Perren, L., and Ram, M. (2004). Case-Study Method in Small Business and Entrepreneurial Research Mapping Boundaries and Perspectives. International Small Business Journal, 22(1), 83-101.
• Peterman, N. E., and Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise Education: Influencing Students’ Perceptions of Entrepreneurship.
• Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129-144. Piperopoulos, P., and Dimov, D. (2014). Burst Bubbles or Build Steam? Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Self
• Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, doi:10.1111/jsbm.12116
• Rae, D. M. (1997). Teaching Entrepreneurship In Asia: Impact of a Pedagogical Innovation. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Change, 6(3), 193-227.
• Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement. Psychological
• Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1). Schwarzer, R., and Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio.
• Causal and Control Beliefs, 1, 35-37. Shane, S. A. (2000). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Shapero, A., and Sokol, L. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship.” Encyclopedia Of Entrepreneurship, 72-90.
• Shaver, K. G., and Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, Process, Choice: The Psychology of New Venture Creation. Entrepreneurship,
• Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-45. Slavtchev, V., Laspita, S., and Patzelt, H. (2012). Effects of Entrepreneurship Education at Universities. Jena Economic Research Papers. No:025
• Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., and Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do Entrepreneurship Programmes Raise Entrepreneurial Intention of
• Science and Engineering Students? The Effect of Learning, Inspiration and Resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-5
• Sowmya, D. V., Majumdar, S., and Gallant, M. (2010). Relevance of Education for Potential Entrepreneurs: An International
• Investigation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(4): 626–640. Stewart Jr, W. H., and Roth, P. L. (2004). Data Quality Affects Meta-Analytic Conclusions: A Response to Miner and Raju
• (2004) Concerning Entrepreneurial Risk Propensity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(1), 14-21.
• Van Gelderen, M., and Jansen, P. (2006). Autonomy as a Start-Up Motive. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(1), 23-32.
• Von Graevenitz, G., Harhoff, D., and Weber, R.(2010). The Effects of Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Economic
• Behavior and Organization, 76(1), 90-112. Weinrauch, J. D.(1984). Educating The Entrepreneur: Understanding Adult Learning Behavior. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(2), 32-37.
• Wilson, F., Kickul, J., and Marlino, D.(2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions:
• Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406. Wood, R., and Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384.
• Xavier, S. R., Kelley, D., Kew, J., Herrington, M., & Vorderwulbecke, A. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012 Global Report (GEM).
• Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., and Hills, G. E. (2005). The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial
• Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265.