Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2p) Bağlamında Fransa’nın Mali Müdahalesi (2013) Örneği

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 64, 65 - 83, 22.04.2020

Mücahid Gürbüz

Öz

Bu çalışmamızda Fransa’nın Mali Cumhuriyeti’ne yönelik gerçekleştirdiği tek taraflı askeri müdahalenin meşruiyetini sağlamak için kullandığı Koruma Sorumluluğu(R2P) ilkesi incelenecektir. Fransa, Mali’de gerçekleştirdiği askeri müdahaleyi meşrulaştırmak için dört argüman öne sürmüştür: Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin (BMGK) 2085 sayılı kararı ile verdiği yetkilendirme (20 Aralık 2012), Mali hükümeti tarafından yapılan davet (davet ile müdahale), kolektif meşru müdafaa hakkı (51. Madde) ve Koruma Sorumluluğu’na (R2P) başvurma. Fransa hükümeti tarafından ileri sürülen BMGK’nın 2085 sayılı kararı ile verdiği yetkilendirme (20 Aralık 2012), Mali hükümeti tarafından yapılan davet (davet ile müdahale), kolektif meşru müdafaa hakkı (51. Madde) gibi gerekçeler, uluslararası hukukun temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak konusunda yetersiz kalmıştır. Fransa tarafından eski sömürgelerinde gerçekleştirilen askeri müdahalelerde ilk üç argüman kullanılmış olmasına rağmen insani gerekçeler öne sürülerek R2P’ye başvurma yeni bir durumdur. Bu durum şüphelere neden olduğu için Mali müdahalesinin uluslararası hukuk açısından değerlendirilerek R2P ilkesinin gereksinimlerin yerine getirilip getirilmediği incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mali Müdahalesi, Fransa, Koruma Sorumluluğu, Meşruluk, Yasallık

The Case of France's Mali Intervention (2013) in the Context of Responsibility to Protect (R2p)

Öz

In this study, the principle of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) utilized by France to provide the legitimacy of unilateral military intervention in the Republic of Mali is analyzed. In order to justify legally the military intervention in Mali, France put forward four arguments: the authorization given by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in Resolution 2085 (20 December 2012), an invitation by the Malian government (intervention by invitation), its right of collective self-defense (51th Article),and the application of R2P. The reasons given by the French government, such as the authorization given by the UNSC in Resolution 2085 (20 December 2012), an invitation by the Malian government (intervention by invitation), its right of collective self-defense (51th Article), have failed to meet the basic needs of international law. Although the first three arguments were used by France in military interventions in its former colonies, applying for R2P on humanitarian grounds is a new situation. Since this situation raises doubts, Mali intervention will be evaluated within the perspective of international law and whether the requirements of R2P principle are fulfilled.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mali Intervention, France, Responsibility to Protect (R2P), Legitimacy

Kaynakça

• Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies (ACRPS), Policy Analysis Unit. (2013). France’s recent military intervention in Mali. http://english.dohainstitute.org/release/ef245dc9-6cb8-4592-9cbd-209503564fd7 adresinden erişildi.
• Arnaud, G. (2012). Fransız büyükelçisinin konuşması. http://www.franceonu.org/france-at-the-united-nations/press-room/statements-at-open-meetings/security-council/article/10-december-2012-security-council adresinden erişildi.
• Arsava, F. A. (2011). Egemenlik ve koruma sorumluluğu. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 101-124.
• BBC. (2013). France confirms Mali military intervention. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20991719 adresinden erişildi.
• Bellamy, A. J. (2010). The responsibility to protect-five years on. Ethics & International Affairs, 24(2), 143–169.
• Bensouda, F. (2013). Situation in Mali Article 53(1) Report. International Criminal Court. http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situationsand cases/situations/icc0112/Documents/SASMaliArticle53_1PublicReportENG16Jan2013.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Bergamaschi, I. (2013). French military intervention in Mali: Inevitable, consensual yet insufficient. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 2(2), 1-11.
• Chafer, T. (2002). Franco‐African relations: no longer so exceptional?. African Affairs, 101(404), 343–363.
• Chafer, T. (2014). Hollande and Africa policy. Modern & Contemporary France, 22(4), 513–531.
• Coco, A., Kaboré, A., & Maillart, J. B. (2013). The Malian conflict and international law. The Global Journal. http://theglobaljournal.net/article/view/996/ adresinden erişildi.
• Emerson, S. A. (2011). Desert insurgency: Lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 22(4), 669–687.
• Evans, G. J. (2008). The responsibility to protect: ending mass atrocity crimes once and for all. Brookings Institution Press.
• Fabius, L. (2013). Mali: French actions in Mali. http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Laurent-Fabius-on-French-actions adresinden erişildi.
• Fabius, L. (2013). Mali: press conference. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/mali-224/events-2627/article/mali-press-conference-given-by adresinden erişildi.
• Francioni, F., & Bekkar, C. (2013). Responsibility to protect, humanitarian intervention and human rights: Lesson from Libya to Mali. http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/TW_WP_15.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• François Hollande. (2012). XXe Conférence des ambassadeurs. http://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/vues/Kiosque/FranceDiplomatie/kiosque.php?fichier=bafr2012-08-28.html#Chapitre1 adresinden erişildi.
• François Hollande. (2013). Sur les relations entre la France et les Emirats arabes unis et sur l’intervention militaire française au Mali. http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/137000095.html adresinden erişildi.
• Global Center for Responsibility to Protect. (2013). Population at risk in Mali. http://www.globalr2p.org/regions/mali adresinden erişildi.
• Goudin, P. (2013). France-Mali: Check list pour une intervention. Etudes Géostrategiques. http://etudesgeostrategiques.com/2013/01/15/france-mali-check-list-pour-une-intervention/ adresinden erişildi.
• Hehir, A. (2008). Humanitarian intervention after Kosovo: Iraq, Darfur and the record of global civil society. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Hoffmann, J., Nollkaemper, A., & Swerissen, I. (2012). Responsibility to protect: from principle to practice. Pallas Publications.
• Human Rights Watch. (2012). UN Human Rights Council: Statement on the situation of the Rohingya in Burma, and on the situation throughout Mali. http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/10/un-human-rights-council-statement-situation-rohingya-burma-and-situation-throughout- adresinden erişildi.
• Kanti, M. I. (2013). The French intervention in Mali. African Perspectives, 11(38), 19-22.
• Kassim, Y. R. (2014). The geopolitics of intervention. Springer Briefs in Political Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
• Kontorovich, E. (2013). France’s Mali war & international law. The Volokh Conspiracy. http://volokh.com/2013/01/18/frances-mali-war-international-law/ adresinden erişildi.
• Lowe, R. (2013). Mali: successful and legal intervention, but questions remain. International Bar Association. http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=94897c09-d3c7-45ac-baea-e8331878510e adresinden erişildi.
• Nossıter, A. (2012). Soldiers overthrow Mali government in setback for democracy in Africa. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/world/africa/mali-coup-france-calls-for-elections.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1 adresinden erişildi.
• Orford, A. (2011). International authority and the responsibility to protect. Cambridge University Press.
• Pingeot, L., & Obenland, W. (2014). In whose name: a critical view on the responsibility to protect. Global Policy Forum. https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/images/pdfs/In_whose_name_web.pdf. adresinden erişildi.
• Serrano, M., & Weiss, T. G. (2013). The international politics of human rights: Rallying to the R2P cause?. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-International-Politics-of-Human-Rights-Rallying-to-the-R2P-Cause/Serrano-Weiss/p/book/9780415626347 adresinden erişildi.
• Seyedfarshi, A. (2015). French interventionism in the age of R2P: A critical examination of the case of Mali. Creighton International and Comparative Law Journal (CICLJ), 7(1), 2-36.
• Solomon, H. (2013). Mali: West Africa’s Afghanistan. The RUSI Journal, 158(1), 12–19.
• Thakur, R., & Weiss, T. G. (2009). R2P: from idea to norm - and action? Global Responsibility to Protect, 1(1), 22-53
• The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (2001). The responsibility to protect. http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS Report.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH). (2012). Crimes de guerre au Nord-Mali. https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/rapmali592f.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations, General Assembly. (2005). World summit outcome. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations, Secretary-General. (2009). Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit. http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/EEF9DE1F698AA70D8525755100631D7C adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations, Security Council. (2007). Letter dated 31 August 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the president of the Security Council. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Gen S2007 721.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations, Security Council. (2012). Resolution 2085. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2085.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• United Nations, The High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. (2004). A more secure world: our shared responsibility. http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pdf/historical/hlp_more_secure_world.pdf adresinden erişildi.
• Welsh, J. M. (Ed.). (2004). Humanitarian intervention and international relations. Oxford University Press.