The Effects of Economic, Financial and Political Risks on CDS Premium of Turkey
Yıl 2021,
Sayı: 67, 238 - 251, 28.01.2021
Vasıf Abioğlu
,
Munise Ilıkkan Özgür
,
Esra Soyu
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı ekonomik, finansal ve politik risklerin Türkiye CDS primine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, NARDL modeli kullanılarak 2000:10-2020:06 döneminde ekonomik, finansal ve politik risklerin Türkiye CDS primine asimetrik etkileri incelenmektedir. Analizden iki önemli sonuç çıkmaktadır. İlk olarak, elde edilen bulgulara göre, ekonomik ve finansal risklerin CDS primi üzerinde asimetrik etkileri bulunurken, politik risklerin CDS primi üzerinde simetrik etkisi bulunmuştur. İkinci olarak, finansal risklerdeki artışların CDS primini yükseltmesi ekonomik risklerdeki artışların CDS primini yükseltmesinden daha fazla iken, ekonomik risklerdeki azalışların CDS primini düşürmesi finansal risklerdeki azalışların CDS primini düşürmesinden daha fazla olmaktadır. Ampirik analiz sonuçlarına göre, ekonomik reformlar CDS primini düşürmede finansal reformlardan daha etkili olmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Abioglu, V., Koç S. & Bakirtas, I. (2020). The sustainability of the Turkish current account: Smooth structural break and asymmetric adjustments. International Journal of Finance & Economics. DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.1996. Forthcoming.
- Aizenman, J., Hutchison, M., & Jinjarak, Y. (2013). What is the risk of european sovereign debt defaults? Fiscal space, CDS spreads and market pricing of risk. Journal of International Money and Finance, 34, 37–59.
- Akyol, H., & Baltacı, N. (2018). Ülke kredi risk düzeyi, petrol fiyatları ve temel makroekonomik göstergelerin hisse senedi getirilerine etkisi: BIST 100 örneği. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (22), 459–476.
- Alexe, S., PL., H., A., K., & Lejeune, M. A. (2003). A non-recursive regression model for country risk rating. RUTCOR-Rutgers University Research Report, 3, 1–38.
- Ashcraft, A. B., & Santos, J. A. C. (2009). Has the CDS market lowered the cost of corporate debt? Journal of Monetary Economics, 56, 514–523.
- Asif, M., & Majid, A. (2018). Institutional quality, natural resources and FDI: Ampirical evidence from Pakistan. Eurasian Business Review, 8(4), 391–407.
- Assane, D. & Grammy, A. (2003). Institutional framework and economic development: International evidence. Applied Economics, 35, 1811–1817.
- Atasever, G. (2017). Türkiye’de risk primi (CDS), piyasa göstergeleri ve seçim dönemlerine ilişkin ekonometrik Analiz. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(13), 217–226.
- Ayaydın, H., Pala, F., & Barut, A. (2016). Ülke riskinin hisse senedi getirisine etkisi: Ampirik bir analiz. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(10), 66–75.
- Aziz, O. G. (2018). Institutional quality and FDI inflows in Arab economies. Finance Research Letters, 25, 111–123.
Balding, C. (2011). CDS pricing and elections in emerging markets. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 10(2), 121–173.
- Başarır, Ç., & Keten, M. (2016). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin CDS primleri ile hisse senetleri ve döviz kurları arasındaki kointegrasyon ilişkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 369–380.
- Bozkurt, I., & Kaya, M. V. (2018). Arap bahari coğrafyasindan gelen haberleri̇n CDS pri̇mleri üzeri̇ndeki etki̇si̇:Türki̇ye örneği̇. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi -JEAS, 20, 1–16.
- Brandorf, C., & Holmberg, J. (2010). Determinants of sovereign credit default swap spreads for PIIGS: A macroeconomic approach, Lund University. Retrieved May 15, 2020, fromhttp://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1608010&fileOId=1608014
- Busse, M., & Hefeker, C. (2007). Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 397–415.
- Erb, C. B., Harvey, C. R., & Viskanta, T. E. (1996). Political risk, economic risk, and financial risk. Financial Analysts Journal, 29–46.
- Ersan, İ., & Günay, S. (2009). Kredi riski göstergesi olarak kredi temerrüt swapları (CDS) ve kapatma davasının Türkiye riski üzerine etkisine dair bir uygulama. Bankacılar Dergisi, (71), 3–22.
- European Central Bank (ECB), 2009, Credit Default Swap and Counterparty Risk, Frankfurt. pp.10-59.
- Filippou, I., Gozluklu, A. E., & Taylor, M. P. (2018). Global political risk and currency momentum. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53(5), 2227–2259.
- Fontana, A., & Scheicher, M. (2010). An analysis of Euro Area sovereign CDS and their relation with government bonds. ECB Working Paper, (12), 5–8.
- Günal, M. (2019). Kredi derecelendirme kuruluşlarının rolü ve krizlerdeki etkileri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 147–155.
- Hakimi, A., & Hamdi, H. (2017). Does corruption limit FDI and economic growth? Evidence from MENA countries. Internatıonal Journal of Emerging Markets, 12(3), 550–571.
- Harvey, C. R. (2004). Country risk components, the cost of capital, and returns in emerging markets. Retrieved April 17. 2020. from https://ssrn.com/abstract=620710
- Hoti, S. (2005). Modelling country spillover effects in country risk ratings. Emerging Markets Review, 6, 324–345.
Howell, L. D. (2011). International country risk guide methodology. East Syracuse, NY: PRS Group.
- Howell, L. D., & Chaddick, B. (1994). Models of political risk for foreign investment and trade- an assessment of three approaches. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 70–91.
- Huang, W., Lin, S., & Yang, J. (2019). Institutional quality and sovereign credit default swap spreads. Journal of Futures Markets, 39(6), 686–703.
- Kirikkaleli, D. (2020). Does political risk matter for economic and financial risks in Venezuela? Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 1–10.
- Kılcı, E. N. (2017). CDS primleri ile bir ülkenin ekonomik ve finansal değişkenleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(6), 145–154.
- Kunt, A. S., & Taş, O. (2008). Kredi temerrüt swapları ve Türkiye ’nin CDS priminin tahmin edilmesine yönelik bir uygulama. Itüdergisi/b Sosyal Bilimler, 5(1), 78–89.
- Kutuk, T., & Okur, M. (2020). BRICS-T ülkelerinde risk priminin belirlenmesinde ülke kredi notları ve kredi temerrüt swapı primlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 1(2), 413–429.
- Lee, H. H., & Hyun, J. S. (2019). The asymmetric effect of equity volatility on credit default swap spreads. Journal of Banking and Finance, 98, 125–136.
- Lehkonen, H., & Heimonen, K. (2015). Democracy, political risks and stock market performance. Journal of International Money and Finance, 59, 77–99.
- Liu, L., & Zhong, R. (2017). Political uncertainty and a firm’s credit risk: Evidence from the international CDS market. Journal of Financial Stability, (30), 53–66.
- Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H., & Singleton, K. J. (2011). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 3(2), 75–103.
- Macovei, M. (2009). Growth and Economic Crises in Turkey: Leaving Behind a Turbulent Past? European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Papers No.386.
- Nawaz, S. (2015). Growth effects of institutions: A disaggregated analysis. Economic Modelling, 45, 118–126.
- Özer, M. & Yeldan A. E. (2016). The relationship between current account deficits and unemployment in Turkey. In Erdoğdu M. M. and Christiansen B. (Eds.), Handbook of research on comparative economic development perspectives on Europe and the MENA region. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
- Özatay, F. (2008). Expansionary fiscal consolidations: New evidence from Turkey. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, Working Paper No: 406.
- Özatay, F. (2016). Turkey's distressing dance with capital flows. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 336–350.
- Pesaran, M. H., and Y. Shin. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In Chapter 11 in Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century the Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, edited by S. Strom, 371-413. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pesaran,M. H., Y. Shin, and R. J. Smith. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics,16 (3), 289–326.
- Plank, T. (2012). Do macro-economic fundamentals price emerging market sovereign CDS spreads? SSRN Electronic Journal, Retrieved 5 May, 2020. from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1765352
- Raunig, B. (2018). Economic policy uncertainty and the volatility of sovereign CDS spreads. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved July 6, 2020. from https://ideas.repec.org/p/onb/oenbwp/219.html
- Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish economy after the global financial crisis. Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41–61.
- Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. J. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear framework. In Williams C. Horrace, & Robin C. Sickles (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt Econometric Methods and Applications. 281-314. New York (NY): Springer, Science & Business Media.
- Telli, Ç. Voyvoda, E. &Yeldan, E. (2008). Macroeconomics of twin-targeting in Turkey: A general equilibrium analysis. International Review of Applied Economics. 22(2), 227-242.
- Tutar, E., Tutar, F., & Eren, M. V. (2011). Uluslararası kredi derecelendirme kuruluşlarının rolü, güvenirlilik açısından sorgulanması ve Türkiye. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, (25), 1–24.
- Ulusoy, T., & Kendirli, S. (2019). Türkiye’de gerçekleşen terör saldırılarının olay analizi: VIX korku endeksi, BIST 100 ve kredi temerrüt swapları üzerine etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1125–1144.
- Uygur, E. (2010). The global crisis and the Turkish economy. Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, 2010(3), 1–45.
- Wisniewski, T. P., & Lambe, B. J. (2015). Does economic policy uncertainty drive CDS spreads? International Review of Financial Analysis, 42, 447–458.
- Yenisu, E., & Yenice, S. (2018). Temel makroekonomik göstergelerin ülke riski üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. İş ve Hayat Dergisi, 4(8), 27–53.
İktisadi, Finansal ve Politik Risklerin Türkiye CDS Primine Etkileri
Yıl 2021,
Sayı: 67, 238 - 251, 28.01.2021
Vasıf Abioğlu
,
Munise Ilıkkan Özgür
,
Esra Soyu
Öz
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of economic, financial and political risks on CDS premium of Turkey. For this purpose, we examine asymmetric effects of economic, financial and political risk variables on Turkey’s CDS by employing nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model for the period 2000:10-2020:06. Our findings are two-fold. First, we find that both economic and financial risks have asymmetric effects on CDS premium, while political risks have symmetric effect on CDS. Second, we find that increases in financial risks raise CDS premium more than that of economic risks, while decreases in economic risks reduce CDS premium more than that of financial risks. The empirical results imply that economic reforms appear to be more efficient than the financial recovery measures in reducing CDS premium of Turkey.
Kaynakça
- Abioglu, V., Koç S. & Bakirtas, I. (2020). The sustainability of the Turkish current account: Smooth structural break and asymmetric adjustments. International Journal of Finance & Economics. DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.1996. Forthcoming.
- Aizenman, J., Hutchison, M., & Jinjarak, Y. (2013). What is the risk of european sovereign debt defaults? Fiscal space, CDS spreads and market pricing of risk. Journal of International Money and Finance, 34, 37–59.
- Akyol, H., & Baltacı, N. (2018). Ülke kredi risk düzeyi, petrol fiyatları ve temel makroekonomik göstergelerin hisse senedi getirilerine etkisi: BIST 100 örneği. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (22), 459–476.
- Alexe, S., PL., H., A., K., & Lejeune, M. A. (2003). A non-recursive regression model for country risk rating. RUTCOR-Rutgers University Research Report, 3, 1–38.
- Ashcraft, A. B., & Santos, J. A. C. (2009). Has the CDS market lowered the cost of corporate debt? Journal of Monetary Economics, 56, 514–523.
- Asif, M., & Majid, A. (2018). Institutional quality, natural resources and FDI: Ampirical evidence from Pakistan. Eurasian Business Review, 8(4), 391–407.
- Assane, D. & Grammy, A. (2003). Institutional framework and economic development: International evidence. Applied Economics, 35, 1811–1817.
- Atasever, G. (2017). Türkiye’de risk primi (CDS), piyasa göstergeleri ve seçim dönemlerine ilişkin ekonometrik Analiz. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 3(13), 217–226.
- Ayaydın, H., Pala, F., & Barut, A. (2016). Ülke riskinin hisse senedi getirisine etkisi: Ampirik bir analiz. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(10), 66–75.
- Aziz, O. G. (2018). Institutional quality and FDI inflows in Arab economies. Finance Research Letters, 25, 111–123.
Balding, C. (2011). CDS pricing and elections in emerging markets. Journal of Emerging Market Finance, 10(2), 121–173.
- Başarır, Ç., & Keten, M. (2016). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin CDS primleri ile hisse senetleri ve döviz kurları arasındaki kointegrasyon ilişkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 369–380.
- Bozkurt, I., & Kaya, M. V. (2018). Arap bahari coğrafyasindan gelen haberleri̇n CDS pri̇mleri üzeri̇ndeki etki̇si̇:Türki̇ye örneği̇. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi -JEAS, 20, 1–16.
- Brandorf, C., & Holmberg, J. (2010). Determinants of sovereign credit default swap spreads for PIIGS: A macroeconomic approach, Lund University. Retrieved May 15, 2020, fromhttp://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1608010&fileOId=1608014
- Busse, M., & Hefeker, C. (2007). Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment. European Journal of Political Economy, 23(2), 397–415.
- Erb, C. B., Harvey, C. R., & Viskanta, T. E. (1996). Political risk, economic risk, and financial risk. Financial Analysts Journal, 29–46.
- Ersan, İ., & Günay, S. (2009). Kredi riski göstergesi olarak kredi temerrüt swapları (CDS) ve kapatma davasının Türkiye riski üzerine etkisine dair bir uygulama. Bankacılar Dergisi, (71), 3–22.
- European Central Bank (ECB), 2009, Credit Default Swap and Counterparty Risk, Frankfurt. pp.10-59.
- Filippou, I., Gozluklu, A. E., & Taylor, M. P. (2018). Global political risk and currency momentum. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53(5), 2227–2259.
- Fontana, A., & Scheicher, M. (2010). An analysis of Euro Area sovereign CDS and their relation with government bonds. ECB Working Paper, (12), 5–8.
- Günal, M. (2019). Kredi derecelendirme kuruluşlarının rolü ve krizlerdeki etkileri. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 147–155.
- Hakimi, A., & Hamdi, H. (2017). Does corruption limit FDI and economic growth? Evidence from MENA countries. Internatıonal Journal of Emerging Markets, 12(3), 550–571.
- Harvey, C. R. (2004). Country risk components, the cost of capital, and returns in emerging markets. Retrieved April 17. 2020. from https://ssrn.com/abstract=620710
- Hoti, S. (2005). Modelling country spillover effects in country risk ratings. Emerging Markets Review, 6, 324–345.
Howell, L. D. (2011). International country risk guide methodology. East Syracuse, NY: PRS Group.
- Howell, L. D., & Chaddick, B. (1994). Models of political risk for foreign investment and trade- an assessment of three approaches. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 70–91.
- Huang, W., Lin, S., & Yang, J. (2019). Institutional quality and sovereign credit default swap spreads. Journal of Futures Markets, 39(6), 686–703.
- Kirikkaleli, D. (2020). Does political risk matter for economic and financial risks in Venezuela? Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 1–10.
- Kılcı, E. N. (2017). CDS primleri ile bir ülkenin ekonomik ve finansal değişkenleri arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye örneği. Küresel İktisat ve İşletme Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(6), 145–154.
- Kunt, A. S., & Taş, O. (2008). Kredi temerrüt swapları ve Türkiye ’nin CDS priminin tahmin edilmesine yönelik bir uygulama. Itüdergisi/b Sosyal Bilimler, 5(1), 78–89.
- Kutuk, T., & Okur, M. (2020). BRICS-T ülkelerinde risk priminin belirlenmesinde ülke kredi notları ve kredi temerrüt swapı primlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 1(2), 413–429.
- Lee, H. H., & Hyun, J. S. (2019). The asymmetric effect of equity volatility on credit default swap spreads. Journal of Banking and Finance, 98, 125–136.
- Lehkonen, H., & Heimonen, K. (2015). Democracy, political risks and stock market performance. Journal of International Money and Finance, 59, 77–99.
- Liu, L., & Zhong, R. (2017). Political uncertainty and a firm’s credit risk: Evidence from the international CDS market. Journal of Financial Stability, (30), 53–66.
- Longstaff, F. A., Pan, J., Pedersen, L. H., & Singleton, K. J. (2011). How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 3(2), 75–103.
- Macovei, M. (2009). Growth and Economic Crises in Turkey: Leaving Behind a Turbulent Past? European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Papers No.386.
- Nawaz, S. (2015). Growth effects of institutions: A disaggregated analysis. Economic Modelling, 45, 118–126.
- Özer, M. & Yeldan A. E. (2016). The relationship between current account deficits and unemployment in Turkey. In Erdoğdu M. M. and Christiansen B. (Eds.), Handbook of research on comparative economic development perspectives on Europe and the MENA region. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
- Özatay, F. (2008). Expansionary fiscal consolidations: New evidence from Turkey. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, Working Paper No: 406.
- Özatay, F. (2016). Turkey's distressing dance with capital flows. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(2), 336–350.
- Pesaran, M. H., and Y. Shin. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In Chapter 11 in Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century the Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, edited by S. Strom, 371-413. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pesaran,M. H., Y. Shin, and R. J. Smith. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics,16 (3), 289–326.
- Plank, T. (2012). Do macro-economic fundamentals price emerging market sovereign CDS spreads? SSRN Electronic Journal, Retrieved 5 May, 2020. from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1765352
- Raunig, B. (2018). Economic policy uncertainty and the volatility of sovereign CDS spreads. Vienna, Austria. Retrieved July 6, 2020. from https://ideas.repec.org/p/onb/oenbwp/219.html
- Rodrik, D. (2012). The Turkish economy after the global financial crisis. Ekonomi-Tek, 1(1), 41–61.
- Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. J. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear framework. In Williams C. Horrace, & Robin C. Sickles (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt Econometric Methods and Applications. 281-314. New York (NY): Springer, Science & Business Media.
- Telli, Ç. Voyvoda, E. &Yeldan, E. (2008). Macroeconomics of twin-targeting in Turkey: A general equilibrium analysis. International Review of Applied Economics. 22(2), 227-242.
- Tutar, E., Tutar, F., & Eren, M. V. (2011). Uluslararası kredi derecelendirme kuruluşlarının rolü, güvenirlilik açısından sorgulanması ve Türkiye. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, (25), 1–24.
- Ulusoy, T., & Kendirli, S. (2019). Türkiye’de gerçekleşen terör saldırılarının olay analizi: VIX korku endeksi, BIST 100 ve kredi temerrüt swapları üzerine etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 1125–1144.
- Uygur, E. (2010). The global crisis and the Turkish economy. Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper, 2010(3), 1–45.
- Wisniewski, T. P., & Lambe, B. J. (2015). Does economic policy uncertainty drive CDS spreads? International Review of Financial Analysis, 42, 447–458.
- Yenisu, E., & Yenice, S. (2018). Temel makroekonomik göstergelerin ülke riski üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. İş ve Hayat Dergisi, 4(8), 27–53.