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MAĞRİPLİ KADIN İMGESİNE AİT OSMANLI SONRASI AVRUPA TAHAYYÜLLERİ

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 1, 226 - 248, 01.01.2016

M. Önder Göncüoğlu

Öz

Bu makale, Batılı olmayan kadın imgesinin Batılı erkek bakış açısıyla yeniden inşa edilerek nasıl temsil edildiğini analiz eden bir çalışmadır. Ancak akademik çalışmalarda sıklıkla karşılaşılan 'Osmanlı'da Harem ve Kadın' temsillerinin aksine bu çalışma temel olarak 19.yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Kuzey Afrika'daki etkisini kaybetmesi sonrası Batı merceğinde 'Mağripli Kadın' temsilinin nasıl değiştiğini incelemektedir. Bu amaçla genelde 'Batılı-olmayan Kadın' imgesinin, özelde de 'Osmanlı Doğusuna ait Kadın' imgesinin temsili ve beraberinde yeniden inşası Alman, Fransız, İngiliz vb. gibi Batı Avrupa yazınsal kaynaklarına ve görsel literatürüne ait örnekler –seyahatnameler, posta kartları, tablolar- üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bahsi geçen bu kaynakların genel bir kabul ve meşruiyet çerçevesi oluşturma aracı olarak nasıl kullanıldığı ve Öteki ile ötekiliğe ait kimlik krinin 'kadın' imgesi üzerinden temsili tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Söylem Rolü Batılı Olmayan Kadın Oryantalizm Temsil Batılı Erkek Bakışı Osmanlı Doğusu Yeniden İnşa Mağrip

Kaynakça

  • Adichie, Chimamanda. "Danger of Single a Story." Web.14 April 2016.
  • Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. Trans. Myrna Godzich and Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
  • Awadalla, Maggie ve Anastasia Valassopoulos. “The Politics of Exposure and Concealment in Post-colonial Discourse.” Web. 9 Sep 2015.
  • Brown, G. Sarah. Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East, 1860-1950. London: Quartet Books Limited, 1988.
  • Hall, Stuart. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Ed. Stuard Hall. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997. 13-75.
  • Hofstede, Geert. “Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values.” Cross Cultural Research and Methodology Series 5. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.
  • Kabbani, Rana. Europe’s Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. London: Pandora Press, 1988.
  • Karaduman, Alev. “The Ottoman Seraglio: An Institution of Power and Education.” Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi (HÜTAD) 21(2014): 109-120.
  • Kinglake, W. Alexander. Eothen. London: Century Publishing Co., 1982.
  • Likosky, Stephan. Dark Skin, Light Skin: Sexual Transgression on Early Postcards. Web. 10 Sep 2015.
  • Loomba, Ania. Kolonyalizm/Postkolonyalizm. Çev. Mehmet Küçük. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2000.
  • Macfie, L. Alexander. Orientalism. London: Pearson Education, 2002.
  • Mahmudul Md. Hasan. “The Orientalization of Gender.” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (AJISS) 22. 4 (2005): 26-56.
  • McClintock, Anne. Imperıal Leather: Race, Gender and Sexualıty in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Ridouani, Driss. “The Representation of Arabs and Muslims in Western Media.” Ruta 3.1 (2011). Web.20 May 2015.
  • Said, W. Edward. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin, 1978.
  • Sego, P. Lewis. “Philistines, Barbarians, Aliens, et alii: Cognitive Semantics in Political ‘Otherness.’” Language and Ideology the 6th ICLC, Stockholm (10-16 July, 1999).
  • Spivak,C. Gayatri. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Eds. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. 271-313.
  • Yeğenoğlu, Melda. “Sartorial Fabric-ations: Enlightenment and Western Feminism.” Postcolonialism, Feminism, and Religious Discourse. Eds. Pui-lan Kwok and E. Laura Donaldson. New York: Routledge, 2002. 82-89.
  • Fig. 1 “America” Engraving by Theodor Galle after Johannes Stradanus. Plate 1 from the Nova Reperta. Rare. Web.28 May 2010. http://www.sanderusmaps.com/antique-maps/curiosities-and-portraits/thediscovery ofamerica_17860.cfm
  • Fig. 2 “Slave Market” by Jean-Leon Gerome, 1876. 13 Sep 2015. http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/5538
  • Fig. 3 “The_Odalisque” by Mariàno Fortuny, 1861. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://fineartamerica.com/products/the-odalisque-maria-fortuny--canvasprint.html
  • Fig. 4 “Le Marabout in the Harem bath” by Jean-Leon Gerome, 1889. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sofi01/4778734622/sizes/l
  • Fig. 5 “Hamam”, by Fausto Zonara, around 1888s. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://iamachild.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/fausto-zonaro-1854-1929- italian/
  • Fig. 6 “Bedouine de Sud” by Jean Geiser around 1910s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 7 “Arabian Woman With the Yachmak”, around 1890s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://veil.unc.edu/arts/visual-arts/orientalist-photography/colonial-harem/
  • Fig 8 “Une Almee”, by Jean Geiser, around 1910s. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://saraqaseem.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/orientalism-2/
  • Fig. 9 “Belle Arabe”, Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://veil.unc.edu/arts/visual-arts/orientalist-photography/colonial-harem/
  • Fig. 10 “Mauresque danseuse”, by Jean Geiser, around 1910s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press 94, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.messynessychic.com/2015/06/11/greetings-from-the-coloniespostcards-of-a-shameful-past/
  • Fig. 11 “Morrish Woman”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/877
  • Fig. 12 “Scenes and Types. Young woman”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press: 90, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=he b02140.0001.0
  • Fig. 13 “Jeune Mauresque”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/877
  • Fig. 14 “Mauresque de Constantine”, Alloula, Malek . The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/MLB-716434131-unico-no-site-raro-leharem-colonial-malek-alloula-_JM
  • Fig. 15 “Bedouine” Alger 263, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 16 “Danseuse du Sud” Alger 424, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 17 “Une Almee” Alger 68, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 18 “La Danse”Alger 486, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web. 11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 19 “Femme du Sud” Alger 272, by Jean Geiser. around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 20 “Femme du Sud” Alger 142, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 21 “Femme tunisienne assise” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 22 “Tunis” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 23 “Au harem” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 24 “Tunis” - Serie III - 2528 – Ayada, by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 25 “Fillettes bédouines” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://inphoto.blog.hu/2012/02/04/a_lehnert_amp_landrock_alkotoparos_ba csiszelet_ajanlasa
  • Fig. 26 “Danceuse arabe” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://inphoto.blog.hu/2012/02/04/a_lehnert_amp_landrock_alkotoparos_ba csiszelet_ajanlasa
  • Fig. 27 “Jeune fille aux bijoux Egypte” around 1910s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860-1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Fig. 28 “Jeune femme fellah Egypte”, by Andreas Reiser, around 1900s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860-1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press: 136.
  • Fig. 29 “Femme aux longues nattes Egypte”, by Hippolyte Arnoux, around 1880s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860- 1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Fig. 30 “2. A-Madagascar”. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://www.metropostcard.com/metropcbloga9.html
  • Fig. 31 “Casamance Senegal Flirt”. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://www.messynessychic.com/2015/06/11/greetings-from-the-coloniespostcards-of-a shameful-past/

POST- OTTOMAN EMPIRE EUROPEAN IMAGINATIONS OF THE IMAGE OF THE WOMEN OF MAGHREB

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 1, 226 - 248, 01.01.2016

M. Önder Göncüoğlu

Öz

This study, as a critical examination, unravels how the non-Western woman has been both reconstructed and represented from a Western male perspective. The representation of Harem and the idea of the ideal Oriental woman in Harem have been analysed repeatedly in scholarly circles. However, this study analyses primarily how the women of Maghreb, of countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, but also Egypt, were represented by the Western male gaze after these places -- once the provinces of the Ottoman Empire -- went under the control of European powers, notably France. Different sources, such as travelogues and paintings, including postcards and drawings from the West – from Germany, France, Austria, and Britain -- have been analysed with a particular emphasis on the women of the Ottoman Orient. Through the analysis of such sources, an outline of a Western representational practice of the non-Western women in general and the women of the Ottoman Orient in particular has been revealed around the idea of the construction of 'the other' and 'the other's identity', thereby mentally programming a justied understanding of that re-constructed identity of the other.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Role of Discourse Non-Western Woman Orientalism Representation Western Male Gaze the Ottoman Orient Reconstruction Maghreb

Kaynakça

  • Adichie, Chimamanda. "Danger of Single a Story." Web.14 April 2016.
  • Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. Trans. Myrna Godzich and Wlad Godzich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.
  • Awadalla, Maggie ve Anastasia Valassopoulos. “The Politics of Exposure and Concealment in Post-colonial Discourse.” Web. 9 Sep 2015.
  • Brown, G. Sarah. Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East, 1860-1950. London: Quartet Books Limited, 1988.
  • Hall, Stuart. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Ed. Stuard Hall. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997. 13-75.
  • Hofstede, Geert. “Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values.” Cross Cultural Research and Methodology Series 5. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980.
  • Kabbani, Rana. Europe’s Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. London: Pandora Press, 1988.
  • Karaduman, Alev. “The Ottoman Seraglio: An Institution of Power and Education.” Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi (HÜTAD) 21(2014): 109-120.
  • Kinglake, W. Alexander. Eothen. London: Century Publishing Co., 1982.
  • Likosky, Stephan. Dark Skin, Light Skin: Sexual Transgression on Early Postcards. Web. 10 Sep 2015.
  • Loomba, Ania. Kolonyalizm/Postkolonyalizm. Çev. Mehmet Küçük. İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2000.
  • Macfie, L. Alexander. Orientalism. London: Pearson Education, 2002.
  • Mahmudul Md. Hasan. “The Orientalization of Gender.” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (AJISS) 22. 4 (2005): 26-56.
  • McClintock, Anne. Imperıal Leather: Race, Gender and Sexualıty in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Ridouani, Driss. “The Representation of Arabs and Muslims in Western Media.” Ruta 3.1 (2011). Web.20 May 2015.
  • Said, W. Edward. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin, 1978.
  • Sego, P. Lewis. “Philistines, Barbarians, Aliens, et alii: Cognitive Semantics in Political ‘Otherness.’” Language and Ideology the 6th ICLC, Stockholm (10-16 July, 1999).
  • Spivak,C. Gayatri. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Eds. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. 271-313.
  • Yeğenoğlu, Melda. “Sartorial Fabric-ations: Enlightenment and Western Feminism.” Postcolonialism, Feminism, and Religious Discourse. Eds. Pui-lan Kwok and E. Laura Donaldson. New York: Routledge, 2002. 82-89.
  • Fig. 1 “America” Engraving by Theodor Galle after Johannes Stradanus. Plate 1 from the Nova Reperta. Rare. Web.28 May 2010. http://www.sanderusmaps.com/antique-maps/curiosities-and-portraits/thediscovery ofamerica_17860.cfm
  • Fig. 2 “Slave Market” by Jean-Leon Gerome, 1876. 13 Sep 2015. http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/5538
  • Fig. 3 “The_Odalisque” by Mariàno Fortuny, 1861. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://fineartamerica.com/products/the-odalisque-maria-fortuny--canvasprint.html
  • Fig. 4 “Le Marabout in the Harem bath” by Jean-Leon Gerome, 1889. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sofi01/4778734622/sizes/l
  • Fig. 5 “Hamam”, by Fausto Zonara, around 1888s. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://iamachild.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/fausto-zonaro-1854-1929- italian/
  • Fig. 6 “Bedouine de Sud” by Jean Geiser around 1910s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 7 “Arabian Woman With the Yachmak”, around 1890s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://veil.unc.edu/arts/visual-arts/orientalist-photography/colonial-harem/
  • Fig 8 “Une Almee”, by Jean Geiser, around 1910s. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. https://saraqaseem.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/orientalism-2/
  • Fig. 9 “Belle Arabe”, Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://veil.unc.edu/arts/visual-arts/orientalist-photography/colonial-harem/
  • Fig. 10 “Mauresque danseuse”, by Jean Geiser, around 1910s. Alloula, Malek, The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press 94, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.messynessychic.com/2015/06/11/greetings-from-the-coloniespostcards-of-a-shameful-past/
  • Fig. 11 “Morrish Woman”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/877
  • Fig. 12 “Scenes and Types. Young woman”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press: 90, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=he b02140.0001.0
  • Fig. 13 “Jeune Mauresque”, Alloula, Malek. The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/877
  • Fig. 14 “Mauresque de Constantine”, Alloula, Malek . The Colonial Harem. University of Minneapolis Press, 1986. Web.13 Sep 2015. http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/MLB-716434131-unico-no-site-raro-leharem-colonial-malek-alloula-_JM
  • Fig. 15 “Bedouine” Alger 263, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 16 “Danseuse du Sud” Alger 424, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 17 “Une Almee” Alger 68, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 18 “La Danse”Alger 486, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web. 11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 19 “Femme du Sud” Alger 272, by Jean Geiser. around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 20 “Femme du Sud” Alger 142, by Jean Geiser, around 1900s. Web.11 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/ep-photo-geiser.html
  • Fig. 21 “Femme tunisienne assise” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 22 “Tunis” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 23 “Au harem” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 24 “Tunis” - Serie III - 2528 – Ayada, by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.12 Sep 2015. http://www.helmut-schmidt-online.de/Boudoir-Cards/op-photo-lehnertlandrock.html
  • Fig. 25 “Fillettes bédouines” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://inphoto.blog.hu/2012/02/04/a_lehnert_amp_landrock_alkotoparos_ba csiszelet_ajanlasa
  • Fig. 26 “Danceuse arabe” by Lehnert & Landrock, around 1900s. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://inphoto.blog.hu/2012/02/04/a_lehnert_amp_landrock_alkotoparos_ba csiszelet_ajanlasa
  • Fig. 27 “Jeune fille aux bijoux Egypte” around 1910s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860-1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Fig. 28 “Jeune femme fellah Egypte”, by Andreas Reiser, around 1900s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860-1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press: 136.
  • Fig. 29 “Femme aux longues nattes Egypte”, by Hippolyte Arnoux, around 1880s. Brown. G.S. The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East 1860- 1950: Images of Women. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Fig. 30 “2. A-Madagascar”. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://www.metropostcard.com/metropcbloga9.html
  • Fig. 31 “Casamance Senegal Flirt”. Web.10 Sep 2015. http://www.messynessychic.com/2015/06/11/greetings-from-the-coloniespostcards-of-a shameful-past/
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

M. Önder Göncüoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 56 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Göncüoğlu, M. Ö. (2016). POST- OTTOMAN EMPIRE EUROPEAN IMAGINATIONS OF THE IMAGE OF THE WOMEN OF MAGHREB. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 56(1), 226-248.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - dtcfdergisi@ankara.edu.tr

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