BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

D.H. LAWRENCE'IN TRAJEDİYE DIŞAVURUMCU YAKLAŞIMI: TOUCH AND GO OYUNUNUN İNCELEMESİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 2, 772 - 792, 01.01.2019

Öz

D. H. Lawrence trajedi kavramına olumlu olarak yaklaşır ve yıkıcı ve olumsuz bakışı eleştirir. Lawrence trajedinin maddeci bir varoluş içinde insan ruhunun yeniden doğuşunu sağlamak için çabalayan dirençli, yaratıcı irade yoluyla üstesinden gelinebileceğini düşünür. Lawrence modernizmin trajedisini, emekle sermayenin, eskiyle yeninin, cinsiyetlerin çatışması ile aşk, sanayileşme ve savaşın trajedileri gibi içiçe girmiş birçok çatışma türünü irdeleyerek dramatize eder. Ancak, her bir çatışma türünde onun modernliğin trajedisine olumlu bakışı gözlemlenebilir. Lawrence'ın toplumda ütopyacı bir reformasyon isteğini modernist trajediye bir çare olarak sunduğu öne sürülebilir. Touch and Go oyunu Lawrence'ın trajediye tepkisini/direncini yaratıcı ve dışavurumcu bir biçimde açıklar. Bu makale Touch and Go oyununun Lawrence'ın modernizmin ve sanayileşmenin “meçhul” durumuna dışavurumcu direniş yoluyla meydan okuma düşüncesini açıkladığını ileri sürer. Oyun, Lawrence'ın “karmaşa” ve “sanat” olarak adlandırdığı, olumsuz ve olumlu trajedi kavramlarını ifade eden, trajik olana zıt bakışların tartışmasını ve çatışmasını barındırır. Maden işçileriyle sahiplerinin çatışması oyunda ele alınan başlıca trajedi kaynağı olmakla birlikte, dışavurumcu direnişle üstesinden gelinebileceği metinde önerilir. İnsanlıktan yoksun ve kısıtlayıcı bir toplumda yeni bir benlik ya da düzen arayışı oyunun merkezinde yer alır. İnsanlıktan çıkma kavramı dışavurumcu bir biçimde, grotesk unsurların kullanılması, alegorik kişiler ve basmakalıp bir dil kullanımı aracılığıyla sanayi çatışmasının bir karmaşa olduğu düşüncesini pekiştirir. Oyunda, ayrıca, sanatsal eylem ve unsurlar dışavurumcu niteliğe sahip olarak, trajedinin panzehiri işlevine sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • Atayurt-Fenge, Zeynep Z. “From the Pits to the Kitchens: The Dynamics of Food and Eating in The Fight for Barbara and The Daughter-in-Law”. D. H. Lawrence Review. 40.1 (2015): 73-89.
  • Bell, Michael. “Lawrence and Modernism.” The Cambridge Companion to D. H. Lawrence. Ed. Anne Fernihough. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 179–196.
  • Brockett, Oscar G. The Essential Theatre. New York: Harcourt Brace Company, 2000.
  • Brockett, Oscar G, and Robert R. Findlay. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre and Drama Since 1870. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1973.
  • TRAGEDY. English: Journal of the English Association. 64. 246 (2015): 207– 221.
  • Draper, R. P. “D. H. Lawrence: Tragedy as Creative Crisis”. Lyric Tragedy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985. 144-161.
  • Fletcher, John and James McFarlane. “Modernist Drama: Origins and Patterns.” Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890-1930. Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane. Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1976. 499-513.
  • Kandinsky, Wassily. “The Problem of Form”. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Ed. Vassiliki Kolokotroni, Jane Goldman and Olga Taxidou. Edinburgh: EUP.
  • Lawrence, D. H. Delphi Complete Works of D.H. Lawrence (Illustrated). Delphi Classics: 2013.
  • ---. Kangaroo. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
  • ---. Lady Chatterly’s Lover. Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1977.
  • ---. The Plays. Ed. Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
  • ---. The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
  • Lewis, Wyndham. “Long Live the Vortex!”. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Eds. Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane A. Goldman, Olga Taxidou. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998.
  • "The Lincolnshire Poacher". World Heritage Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Jun 2019. Moran, James. The Theatre of D. H. Lawrence: Dramatic Modernist and Theatrical Innovator. London: Bloomsbury, 2015. ePub: 978-1-4725-7039-0.
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. NY: WW Norton and Company, 2001. 884-95. “Plantons La Vigne”. French Folk Songs: FW 6832. Ed. Tony Schwartz. NY: Folkways Records, 1954.
  • Schvey, Henry. “Lawrence and Expressionism”. D. H. Lawrence: New Studies. Ed. Christopher Heywood. London: Macmillan Press, 1988. 124-136.
  • Schwarze, Hans-Wilhelm and John Worthen. “Introduction”. D. H. Lawrence: The Plays. Ed. Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen. Cambridge: CUP, 1999, xxiii-cxxiv.
  • Sheppard, Richard. “German Expressionism”. Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890-1930. Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane.
  • Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1976. 274-291.
  • Styan, J. L. “Expressionism and Epic Theatre”. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
  • Waterman, Arthur. “The Plays of D. H. Lawrence”. Modern Drama. 2.4. U of Toronto Press. 1960. 349-357.
  • Wildi, Max. “The Birth of Expressionism in the Work of D. H. Lawrence”. English Studies. 19:1-6, (1937) 241-259.
  • Williams, Raymond. Modern Tragedy. Ed. Pamela McCallum. Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd, 2006.

D. H. LAWRENCE'S EXPRESSIONIST APPROACH TO TRAGEDY: AN ANALYSIS OF TOUCH AND GO

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 2, 772 - 792, 01.01.2019

Öz

D. H. Lawrence conceives of tragedy as affirmative and criticizes the destructive or negative perception of it. To Lawrence, tragedy can be defeated through the resistant, creative will, which struggles for the regeneration of the spirit in a materialistic existence. Lawrence dramatizes the tragedy of modernism by looking at numerous types of conflict which are interwoven such as the conflict between labour and capital, generational conflict, gender conflict, the tragic condition of love, industrialism, and the tragedy of war. However, his affirmative vision of the tragic condition of modernity can be observed in each conflct. It can be argued that Lawrence offers the expressionist zeal for utopian reformation in society as a cure for modernist tragedy. The play Touch and Go illuminates Lawrence's reaction/resistance to tragedy in a creative, expressionist aspect. This paper argues that the play Touch and Go demonstrates Lawrence's idea of defiance of the “touch and go” condition of modernism and of industrialism, through expressionist resistance. The play contains the discussion and conflict between the opposite perceptions of the tragic, which Lawrence names “a mess” and “an art”, the negative and the affirmative conceptions of tragedy. The conflict between the colliers and the owners is the main source of tragedy depicted in the play, which the text suggests, can be overcome through expressionist resistance. The expressionist search for a new self or order in an inhuman and confining society is central to the play. The concept of dehumanisation is treated in expressionist aspects such as the use of grotesque elements, allegorical characters and stereotypical language which reinforce the idea of the condition of industrial conflict as a muddle. Furthermore, artistic acts and elements function as an antidote to tragedy, with expressionist aspects.

Kaynakça

  • Atayurt-Fenge, Zeynep Z. “From the Pits to the Kitchens: The Dynamics of Food and Eating in The Fight for Barbara and The Daughter-in-Law”. D. H. Lawrence Review. 40.1 (2015): 73-89.
  • Bell, Michael. “Lawrence and Modernism.” The Cambridge Companion to D. H. Lawrence. Ed. Anne Fernihough. Cambridge: CUP, 2001. 179–196.
  • Brockett, Oscar G. The Essential Theatre. New York: Harcourt Brace Company, 2000.
  • Brockett, Oscar G, and Robert R. Findlay. Century of Innovation: A History of European and American Theatre and Drama Since 1870. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1973.
  • TRAGEDY. English: Journal of the English Association. 64. 246 (2015): 207– 221.
  • Draper, R. P. “D. H. Lawrence: Tragedy as Creative Crisis”. Lyric Tragedy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985. 144-161.
  • Fletcher, John and James McFarlane. “Modernist Drama: Origins and Patterns.” Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890-1930. Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane. Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1976. 499-513.
  • Kandinsky, Wassily. “The Problem of Form”. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Ed. Vassiliki Kolokotroni, Jane Goldman and Olga Taxidou. Edinburgh: EUP.
  • Lawrence, D. H. Delphi Complete Works of D.H. Lawrence (Illustrated). Delphi Classics: 2013.
  • ---. Kangaroo. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
  • ---. Lady Chatterly’s Lover. Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1977.
  • ---. The Plays. Ed. Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
  • ---. The Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
  • Lewis, Wyndham. “Long Live the Vortex!”. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Eds. Vassiliki Kolocotroni, Jane A. Goldman, Olga Taxidou. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998.
  • "The Lincolnshire Poacher". World Heritage Encyclopedia. Web. 22 Jun 2019. Moran, James. The Theatre of D. H. Lawrence: Dramatic Modernist and Theatrical Innovator. London: Bloomsbury, 2015. ePub: 978-1-4725-7039-0.
  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. NY: WW Norton and Company, 2001. 884-95. “Plantons La Vigne”. French Folk Songs: FW 6832. Ed. Tony Schwartz. NY: Folkways Records, 1954.
  • Schvey, Henry. “Lawrence and Expressionism”. D. H. Lawrence: New Studies. Ed. Christopher Heywood. London: Macmillan Press, 1988. 124-136.
  • Schwarze, Hans-Wilhelm and John Worthen. “Introduction”. D. H. Lawrence: The Plays. Ed. Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen. Cambridge: CUP, 1999, xxiii-cxxiv.
  • Sheppard, Richard. “German Expressionism”. Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890-1930. Ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane.
  • Harmondsworth; NY: Penguin Books, 1976. 274-291.
  • Styan, J. L. “Expressionism and Epic Theatre”. Modern Drama in Theory and Practice. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
  • Waterman, Arthur. “The Plays of D. H. Lawrence”. Modern Drama. 2.4. U of Toronto Press. 1960. 349-357.
  • Wildi, Max. “The Birth of Expressionism in the Work of D. H. Lawrence”. English Studies. 19:1-6, (1937) 241-259.
  • Williams, Raymond. Modern Tragedy. Ed. Pamela McCallum. Ontario: Broadview Press Ltd, 2006.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

M. Ayça Vurmay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 59 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Vurmay, M. A. (2019). D. H. LAWRENCE’S EXPRESSIONIST APPROACH TO TRAGEDY: AN ANALYSIS OF TOUCH AND GO. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(2), 772-792.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - dtcfdergisi@ankara.edu.tr

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