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JANE AUSTEN'IN ROMANLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA: EVLİLİKTEKİ SOSYO-EKONOMİK GÜDÜLER VE KADIN YAŞAMINA ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 1101 - 1127, 01.01.2018

Öz

Bu makale, ünlü İngiliz edebiyatı romancısı Jane Austen'ın 1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Sense and Sensibility, Persuasion ve Emma başlıklı romanlarında on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başında İngiliz toplumunda yaşayan kadınlar için evlilik kurumunun sosyo-ekonomik boyuttaki özendiriciliğine ve hayatlarındaki olası etkilerine ışık tutacak kapsamlı bir araştırma yapar. Toplumun ve insanların titiz bir gözlemcisi olarak, Austen'ın orta sınıftan sıradan bireylerin günlük yaşantısını tasvir etmedeki yeteneği, yani dönemin moda edebi yönelimi olan romantik melodramların dışına çıkarak ev-içi gerçekçiliğe odaklanması, eserlerini on dokuzuncu yüzyılın başlarındaki İngiliz kültürü ve toplumu hakkında paha biçilmez bir tarihi kaynak haline getirir. Austen'ın anlatımına egemen olan bu önemli meselelerden biri de evliliktir. Kırkbir yaşındaki ölümüne kadar bekar kalan Austen'ın, romanlarında evlilik konusuna bu kadar yoğunlaşması ve evlilik kurumunu çerçeveleyen toplumsal gerçekleri, özellikle de evliliğin kadın hayatındaki sosyal ve finansal getirilerini dikkatli gözlemleriyle sunması bakımından, yazarın toplumsal gerçekler konusundaki tanımlayıcı ustalığına işaret eder. Evli bir İngiliz kadınının kanun önünde mülkiyet ve yasal haklarını kocasının velayeti altına bırakmaya zorlayan resmi uygulama olan, coverture’ e tabi tutulması sebebiyle erkeklerin kadınlar üzerindeki ataerkil egemenliğini sağlamlaştırılmasına rağmen, evlilik kadınların kamusal varlığının ev içine indirgendiği bir ortamda, orta sınıf erkeklere kısmen sunulan kariyer ve mali gelişme şansından da mahrum olmaları sebebiyle, kadınların mali durumu ve toplumsal sınıfının nihai belirleyicisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. On dokuzuncu yüzyıl İngiliz kadın hayatında evliliğin merkeziliğini göz önüne alan bu makale, Austen'ın romanlarında konunun işlenmesi ışığında, evliliğin sosyo-ekonomik bir teşvik ve ayrıca sınıfsal statü belirleme unsurları olması üzerine bir inceleme ortaya koyacaktır. Bu çalışmanın argümanı, evli bir kadının femme covert yani “zevcin himayesi” olması sebebiyle maddi ve yasal sınırlamalara tabi tutulmasına rağmen— kadının hukuki varlığının kocanın idaresi dahilinde sayılmasından ötürü—Austen'in evlilik birlikteliklerinin oluşturulmasında rol oynayan güdüleri ve ince ayrıntıları, özellikle sınıf statüsü belirleyiciliği bağlamında, gerçekçi bir şekilde ele alması kadınların on dokuzuncu yüzyıl başlarındaki İngiliz toplumunda evliliğin hayatlarındaki yeri hakkındaki görüşlerine dair önemli bilgiler sağlar.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Michael. “The Social Position of Spinsters in Mid-Victorian Britain.” Journal of Family History 9.4 (1984): 377 – 393.
  • Auchmuty, Rosemary, “The Victorian Theory of Spinsterhood.” University of Wollongong Historical Journal 2.1 (1976):38-73.
  • Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Stephen Parrish. New York: Norton, 2000.
  • ---. Mansfield Park. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 1998.
  • ---. Persuasion. Ed. Patricia Meyer Spacks. New York: Norton, 1995.
  • ---. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: Norton, 2001.
  • ---. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 2002.
  • Bell, Millicent. “Jane Eyre: The Tale of the Governess.” American Scholar 65.2 (1996): 263-269.
  • Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. 6th ed.Dublin: Company of Booksellers, 1765.
  • Colby, Vineta. Yesterday's Woman: Domestic Realism in the English Novel. New York: Princeton University Press, 1974.
  • Collins, Barbara Bail. “Jane Austen's Victorian Novel.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 4.3 (1949): 175-185.
  • Giles, Heidi. “Resolving the Institution of Marriage in Eighteenth-Century Courtship Novels.” Rocky Mountain Review 66.1 (2012): 76-82.
  • Hinnant, Charles H. “Jane Austen's 'Wild Imagination': Romance and the Courtship Plot in the Six Canonical Novels.” Narrative 14.3 (2006): 294-310.
  • Magee, William H. “Instrument of Growth: The Courtship and Marriage Plot in Jane Austen's Novels.” The Journal of Narrative Technique 17.2 (1987): 198-208.
  • Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty: And, the Subjection of Women. 3rd ed., London: Longmans, 1870.
  • Mitton, G. E. Jane Austen and Her Times 1775 - 1817. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1970.
  • Mohammed, Amjad Azam. “Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.” International Journal of Media Culture and Literature 2.4 ( 2016): 59-73.
  • Perkin, Joan. Victorian Women. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
  • ---. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth Century England, Chicago: Lyceum Books, 1989.
  • Savage, Gail L. “The Operation of the 1857 Divorce Act, 1860-1910 a Research Note.” Journal of Social History 16.4 (1983):103–110.
  • Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England.New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  • Spence, Jon. Becoming Jane Austen: A Life. London: Hambledon and London, 2003.
  • Stone, Donald D. “Victorian Feminism and the Nineteenth-century Novel.” Women's Studies 1.1 (1972): 65-91.
  • Stretton, Tim and Krista J. Kesselring, eds. Married Women and the Law: Coverture in England and the Common Law World. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.
  • Sulloway, Alison G. Jane Austen and the Province of Womanhood. Philadelphia: Uni. of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
  • Wollstonecraft, Mary. Author’s Introduction. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2004. pp. xxix-xxxiv.
  • Yalom, Marilyn, A History of the Wife, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2001.
  • Zlotnick, Susan. “The Trouble with Jane Austen.” Vassar: The Alumnae Quarterly 104. 4 (2008). Web. 7 May 2018.

AN INVESTIGATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS OF MATRIMONY ON WOMEN'S LIVES IN JANE AUSTEN'S NOVELS

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 1101 - 1127, 01.01.2018

Öz

This article makes a thorough investigation of the prominent novelist Jane Austen 1775-1817 ’s novels, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Sense and Sensibility, Persuasion, and Emma, to shed light onto the socio-economic incentives and implications of matrimony in women’s lives in the early nineteenth century English society. As an acute observer of society and people around her, Austen’s talent in depicting ordinary middle-class people in everyday life, namely her focus on domestic realism, in contrast to then fashionable romantic melodramas, render her works as an invaluable source of historical information on pre-Victorian culture and society. One such important issue that predominates Austen’s narrative is marriage. As a never-married woman until her death at the age of forty-one, Austen’s preoccupation with marriage market stands out as a vigilant author’s descriptive interest in societal realities concerning the institution of matrimony, especially social and financial implications of marriage for women. Even though practice of coverture which as a legal practice compelled married English women to relinquish their property and legal rights under the guardianship of the husband, in other words helped solidify the patriarchal domination of men over women, marriage still stood as the ultimate determiner of class and financial status for women in an environment where female sex was relegated to the private sphere of the home, deprived of chances of career and financial improvements partially offered to the middle-class men. Considering the centrality of matrimony in nineteenth century English women’s lives, this article will put forward a study of social and financial incentives of matrimony as well as its decisive role as a marker of class and status in society in light of the subject’s treatment in Austen’s novels. The argument of this study is that despite the given financial and legal limitations that being a femme covert— a married woman whose legal existence was subsumed under that of the husband— entailed, Austen’s realistic treatment of motivations and subtleties involved in arrangement of marital unions in consideration of class and socio-economic status as well as status of wives and single women known as spinsters, provide us with invaluable information about women’s view of the place of marriage in the early nineteenth-century English society.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Michael. “The Social Position of Spinsters in Mid-Victorian Britain.” Journal of Family History 9.4 (1984): 377 – 393.
  • Auchmuty, Rosemary, “The Victorian Theory of Spinsterhood.” University of Wollongong Historical Journal 2.1 (1976):38-73.
  • Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Stephen Parrish. New York: Norton, 2000.
  • ---. Mansfield Park. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 1998.
  • ---. Persuasion. Ed. Patricia Meyer Spacks. New York: Norton, 1995.
  • ---. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: Norton, 2001.
  • ---. Sense and Sensibility. Ed. Claudia Johnson. New York: Norton, 2002.
  • Bell, Millicent. “Jane Eyre: The Tale of the Governess.” American Scholar 65.2 (1996): 263-269.
  • Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. 6th ed.Dublin: Company of Booksellers, 1765.
  • Colby, Vineta. Yesterday's Woman: Domestic Realism in the English Novel. New York: Princeton University Press, 1974.
  • Collins, Barbara Bail. “Jane Austen's Victorian Novel.” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 4.3 (1949): 175-185.
  • Giles, Heidi. “Resolving the Institution of Marriage in Eighteenth-Century Courtship Novels.” Rocky Mountain Review 66.1 (2012): 76-82.
  • Hinnant, Charles H. “Jane Austen's 'Wild Imagination': Romance and the Courtship Plot in the Six Canonical Novels.” Narrative 14.3 (2006): 294-310.
  • Magee, William H. “Instrument of Growth: The Courtship and Marriage Plot in Jane Austen's Novels.” The Journal of Narrative Technique 17.2 (1987): 198-208.
  • Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty: And, the Subjection of Women. 3rd ed., London: Longmans, 1870.
  • Mitton, G. E. Jane Austen and Her Times 1775 - 1817. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1970.
  • Mohammed, Amjad Azam. “Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.” International Journal of Media Culture and Literature 2.4 ( 2016): 59-73.
  • Perkin, Joan. Victorian Women. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
  • ---. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth Century England, Chicago: Lyceum Books, 1989.
  • Savage, Gail L. “The Operation of the 1857 Divorce Act, 1860-1910 a Research Note.” Journal of Social History 16.4 (1983):103–110.
  • Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England.New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  • Spence, Jon. Becoming Jane Austen: A Life. London: Hambledon and London, 2003.
  • Stone, Donald D. “Victorian Feminism and the Nineteenth-century Novel.” Women's Studies 1.1 (1972): 65-91.
  • Stretton, Tim and Krista J. Kesselring, eds. Married Women and the Law: Coverture in England and the Common Law World. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.
  • Sulloway, Alison G. Jane Austen and the Province of Womanhood. Philadelphia: Uni. of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
  • Wollstonecraft, Mary. Author’s Introduction. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. 1792. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2004. pp. xxix-xxxiv.
  • Yalom, Marilyn, A History of the Wife, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2001.
  • Zlotnick, Susan. “The Trouble with Jane Austen.” Vassar: The Alumnae Quarterly 104. 4 (2008). Web. 7 May 2018.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Filiz Barın Akman Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Barın Akman, F. (2018). AN INVESTIGATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS OF MATRIMONY ON WOMEN’S LIVES IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVELS. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 58(1), 1101-1127.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - dtcfdergisi@ankara.edu.tr

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