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JOHN FOWLES'UN DOĞA YAZIMI VE İNGİLİZ ROMANTİZMİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1, 511 - 528, 01.01.2019

Öz

Bu çalışma, İngiliz Romantizmi ile yirminci yüzyıl İngiliz roman yazarı John Robert Fowles'un doğa yazımının kuramsal tartışmalarında yer alan doğa yorumlamaları arasındaki ilişkinin yapısını incelemektedir. Romantik akımın İngiliz Edebiyatı'nda on sekizinci yüzyıl sonunda ortaya çıkışının, dönemin edebiyat kuramında doğa kavramının tanımlamaları açısından büyük bir gelişmeye işaret ettiği bu doğrultuda belirtilmektedir. Romantizm esas anlamda, o dönemde İngiltere'de sürdürülmekte olan edebiyat çalışmalarına doğa kavramının yeni bir algısını tanıtmıştır. Doğa kavramı Rönesans İngilteresi'nde Sir Philip Sidney'in klasik Aristocu edebiyat tanımının yorumları ile başlayarak, yazar ve eser arasındaki bağı tümüyle nitelendirmiştir. Bu bağ çerçevesinde doğa çağdaş gerçekliği, daha belirgin bir ifade ile gerçeği belirtmiştir. Bu türde klasik bir doğa kavramı, takip eden iki yüzyıl boyunca özellikle de John Dryden, Alexander Pope ve Samuel Johnson'ın tartışmaları ile İngiltere'de edebiyat çalışmalarını tekelinde tutmuştur. İlk olarak Romantizm akımıyla doğa kavramı gezegenin bütün belirleyici özellikleri ile yeryüzünü ifade etmeye başlayan bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Romantik kuram ayrıca, şairin öznelliğinin geleneksel eleştiri öğretisi karşısındaki önceliğini de vurgulamıştır. Bu çalışma bu nedenle, Fowles'un doğa yazımının aynı zamanda insanın doğayı suistimaline dikkat çekmeyi de amaçlayan Romantik bir yaklaşım olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Fowles'un doğa yazımı aynı zamanda bu soruna olan genel kayıtsızlığa karşı bir itiraz olarak da okunmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, Maureen Gillespy. “Nature in John Fowles’s ‘Daniel Martin’ and ‘The Tree’.” Modern Fiction Studies 31.1 (1985): 148-155. Web. 10 Dec. 2018.
  • Birdsall, Jeanne. “My Green Redoubt.” The Iowa Review. 45.2 (2015): 93-99. Web. 27 Apr. 2019.
  • Chase, Cynthia and Andrzej Warminski. “Wordsworth and the Perception of Poetry: Introduction.” Diacritics 17.4 (1987): 2-3. Web. 27 Dec. 2018.
  • Coleridge, S. T. Biographia Literaria. Ed. J. Shawcross. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1907.
  • Conkling, Philip. “On Islanders and Islandness.” Geographical Review. 97.2 (2007): 191-201. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
  • Dopp, Jamie and Barry N. Olshen. “Fathers and Sons: Fowles’ ‘The Tree’ and Autobiographical Theory.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 22.4 (1989): 31-44. Web. 5 Nov. 2018.
  • Dryden, John. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Ed. Thomas Arnold, M.A. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1918.
  • Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays: Second Series. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1904.
  • Foulke, Robert. “A Conversation with John Fowles.” Salmagundi. 68.69. (1985- 1986): 367-384. Web. 20 Apr. 2019.
  • Fowles, John. “The Blinded Eye.” Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings. Ed. Jan Relf. London: Vintage, 1998. 308-319.
  • ---. “Weeds, Bugs, Americans.” Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings. Ed. Jan Relf. London: Vintage, 1998. 289-307.
  • ---.The Tree. New York: ECCO, 2010.
  • Johnson, Samuel. “Preface to Shakespeare.” Johnson on Shakespeare: Essays and Notes Selected and Set Forth with an Introduction. Ed. Walter Raleigh. London: Henry Frowde, 1908. 9-63.
  • Kishler, Thomas C. “Aristotle and Sidney on Imitation.” The Critical Journal 59.2 (1963): 63-64. Web. 14 Aug. 2018.
  • Lee, Anthony W. “Samuel Johnson as Intellectual Critic.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 52.2 (2010): 129-156. Web. 23 Oct. 2018.
  • Onega, Susana. “Self, World, and Art in the Fiction of John Fowles.” Twentieth Century Literature 42.1 (1996): 29-57. Web. 29 Apr. 2018.
  • O’Neill, Michael. “Shelley’s Defences of Poetry.” The Wordsworth Circle 43.1 (2012): 20-25. Web. 7 Jun. 2018.
  • Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Criticism. Ed. W. Warburton A.M. London: Henry Lintot, 1749.
  • Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Defence of Poetry. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1904.
  • Taylor, Anya. “Magic in Coleridge’s Poetry.” The Wordsworth Circle 3.2 (1972): 76- 84. Web. 16 Oct. 2018.
  • Thale, Marry. “Dryden’s Dramatic Criticism: Polestar of the Ancients.” Comparative Literature 18.1 (1966): 36-54. Web. 30 Nov. 2018.
  • Tobin, James Edward. “Alexander Pope and Classical Tradition.” Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America 3.2 (1945): 343-354. Web. 13 Dec. 2018.
  • Vieth, Lynne S. “The Re-Humanization of Art: Pictorial Aesthetics in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’ and ‘Daniel Martin’.” Modern Fiction Studies. 37.2 (1991): 213-233. Web. 24 Apr. 2019.
  • Wilson, Thomas Murray. “The Writer Who Gave Up on Names: John Fowles’s Unwarranted Hostility toward Nature Writing.” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 15.1 (2008): 135-151. Web. 5 Jan. 2019.
  • Wordsworth, William. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads.” The Harvard Classics: Prefaces and Prologues to Famous Books. New York: Collier & Son, 2001. 1-14.

JOHN FOWLES' NATURE WRITING AND ENGLISH ROMANTICISM

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1, 511 - 528, 01.01.2019

Öz

This study explores the essence of the relationship between the interpretations of nature in the theoretical discussions of English Romanticism and twentieth-century British novelist John Robert Fowles' nature writing. It is pointed out that the emergence of the Romantic movement in English Literature at the end of the eighteenth century marked a profound development in terms of the definitions of nature in the contemporary literary theory. Romanticism principally introduced to English-language literary studies a new conception of the term nature. Beginning in the Renaissance England with Sir Philip Sidney's interpretations of the classical Aristotelian definition of poetry, nature as a special term had thoroughly characterised the connection between the poet and poetry. Nature in this connection specified the contemporary reality, more particularly the truth. This classical conception of nature had monopolised literary studies in England during the two following centuries especially through the theoretical arguments of John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson. It was for the first time with Romanticism that nature meant the earth with all the characteristic features and forces of the planet. What the Romantic theory of literature further accentuated was the priority of the poet's subjectivity over the uniqueness of the canonical critical doctrine. This study thus argues that Fowles' nature writing is particularly a Romantic approach to the notion of nature having at the same time an intention of drawing attention to human abuse of nature. Fowles' nature writing is also to be read as a personal protest against the common lack of interest in the issue.

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, Maureen Gillespy. “Nature in John Fowles’s ‘Daniel Martin’ and ‘The Tree’.” Modern Fiction Studies 31.1 (1985): 148-155. Web. 10 Dec. 2018.
  • Birdsall, Jeanne. “My Green Redoubt.” The Iowa Review. 45.2 (2015): 93-99. Web. 27 Apr. 2019.
  • Chase, Cynthia and Andrzej Warminski. “Wordsworth and the Perception of Poetry: Introduction.” Diacritics 17.4 (1987): 2-3. Web. 27 Dec. 2018.
  • Coleridge, S. T. Biographia Literaria. Ed. J. Shawcross. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1907.
  • Conkling, Philip. “On Islanders and Islandness.” Geographical Review. 97.2 (2007): 191-201. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
  • Dopp, Jamie and Barry N. Olshen. “Fathers and Sons: Fowles’ ‘The Tree’ and Autobiographical Theory.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal 22.4 (1989): 31-44. Web. 5 Nov. 2018.
  • Dryden, John. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Ed. Thomas Arnold, M.A. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1918.
  • Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays: Second Series. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1904.
  • Foulke, Robert. “A Conversation with John Fowles.” Salmagundi. 68.69. (1985- 1986): 367-384. Web. 20 Apr. 2019.
  • Fowles, John. “The Blinded Eye.” Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings. Ed. Jan Relf. London: Vintage, 1998. 308-319.
  • ---. “Weeds, Bugs, Americans.” Wormholes: Essays and Occasional Writings. Ed. Jan Relf. London: Vintage, 1998. 289-307.
  • ---.The Tree. New York: ECCO, 2010.
  • Johnson, Samuel. “Preface to Shakespeare.” Johnson on Shakespeare: Essays and Notes Selected and Set Forth with an Introduction. Ed. Walter Raleigh. London: Henry Frowde, 1908. 9-63.
  • Kishler, Thomas C. “Aristotle and Sidney on Imitation.” The Critical Journal 59.2 (1963): 63-64. Web. 14 Aug. 2018.
  • Lee, Anthony W. “Samuel Johnson as Intellectual Critic.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 52.2 (2010): 129-156. Web. 23 Oct. 2018.
  • Onega, Susana. “Self, World, and Art in the Fiction of John Fowles.” Twentieth Century Literature 42.1 (1996): 29-57. Web. 29 Apr. 2018.
  • O’Neill, Michael. “Shelley’s Defences of Poetry.” The Wordsworth Circle 43.1 (2012): 20-25. Web. 7 Jun. 2018.
  • Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Criticism. Ed. W. Warburton A.M. London: Henry Lintot, 1749.
  • Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Defence of Poetry. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1904.
  • Taylor, Anya. “Magic in Coleridge’s Poetry.” The Wordsworth Circle 3.2 (1972): 76- 84. Web. 16 Oct. 2018.
  • Thale, Marry. “Dryden’s Dramatic Criticism: Polestar of the Ancients.” Comparative Literature 18.1 (1966): 36-54. Web. 30 Nov. 2018.
  • Tobin, James Edward. “Alexander Pope and Classical Tradition.” Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America 3.2 (1945): 343-354. Web. 13 Dec. 2018.
  • Vieth, Lynne S. “The Re-Humanization of Art: Pictorial Aesthetics in John Fowles’s ‘The Ebony Tower’ and ‘Daniel Martin’.” Modern Fiction Studies. 37.2 (1991): 213-233. Web. 24 Apr. 2019.
  • Wilson, Thomas Murray. “The Writer Who Gave Up on Names: John Fowles’s Unwarranted Hostility toward Nature Writing.” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 15.1 (2008): 135-151. Web. 5 Jan. 2019.
  • Wordsworth, William. “Preface to Lyrical Ballads.” The Harvard Classics: Prefaces and Prologues to Famous Books. New York: Collier & Son, 2001. 1-14.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Barış Mete Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Mete, B. (2019). JOHN FOWLES’ NATURE WRITING AND ENGLISH ROMANTICISM. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(1), 511-528.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - dtcfdergisi@ankara.edu.tr

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