MAJOR PLATFORMS OF INTER-BLOC KNOW-HOW EXCHANGE IN THE 1950s AND 1960s IN THE CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 2, 987 - 1012, 25.12.2023

Ondřej Fišer

https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.4

Öz

Through the case study of Czechoslovakia, this article analyses the main platforms through which projects of economic and scientific-technical cooperation between the two sides of the Iron Curtain were implemented in the 1950s and 1960s. The emphasis is placed on mapping the changes that each platform of East-West cooperation underwent over time and on characterizing the impact that these transformations had on the development of international cooperation. In the first place, the role of conferences and scientific-technical societies is examined. In addition, considerable space is also devoted to the rediscovery of the long-overlooked international fairs and inter-company visits that allowed face-to-face contact between experts in the environment of industrial plants and laboratories. The analysis of the role and development of the various platforms of inter-bloc cooperation draws heavily on the archives of Czechoslovak industrial ministries. In addition, the testimonies of individual scientists and experts who participated in international cooperation projects in the 1950s and 1960s provide important support for the article. Although the emphasis of the analysis is on the case study of the Czechoslovak economy, its connection to other member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance requires that the Czechoslovak experience be placed in the broader framework of the pan-socialist milieu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

economic cooperation, scientific-technical cooperation, Cold War, East-West ties, Czechoslovakia, Cooperation platforms

ÇEKOSLOVAKYA ÖRNEĞİNDE 1950'LER VE 1960'LARDA BLOKLAR ARASI BİLGİ ALIŞVERİŞİNİN BAŞLICA PLATFORMLARI

Öz

Bu makale, Çekoslovakya örneği üzerinden, 1950'ler ve 1960'larda Demir Perde'nin iki yakası arasında ekonomik ve bilimsel ve teknik işbirliği projelerinin hayata geçirildiği ana platformları analiz etmektedir. Doğu-Batı işbirliğinin her bir platformunun zaman içinde geçirdiği değişimlerin haritasının çıkarılması ve bu dönüşümlerin uluslararası işbirliğinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisinin karakterize edilmesi üzerinde durulmaktadır. İlk etapta konferansların ve bilimsel-teknik toplulukların rolü incelenmektedir. Buna ek olarak, uzun süredir göz ardı edilen uluslararası fuarların yeniden keşfine ve endüstriyel tesisler ve laboratuvarlar ortamında uzmanlar arasında yüz yüze temasa olanak tanıyan şirketler arası ziyaretlere de önemli bir yer ayrılmıştır. Bloklar arası işbirliğinin çeşitli platformlarının rolü ve gelişiminin analizi, Çekoslovak sanayi bakanlıklarının arşivlerinden büyük ölçüde yararlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, 1950'li ve 1960'lı yıllarda uluslararası işbirliği projelerine katılan bireysel bilim insanları ve uzmanların tanıklıkları da makaleye önemli bir destek sağlamaktadır. Analizin vurgusu Çekoslovak ekonomisi üzerine olsa da, Karşılıklı Ekonomik Yardımlaşma Konseyi'nin diğer üye ülkeleriyle olan bağlantısı, Çekoslovak deneyiminin pan-sosyalist ortamın daha geniş çerçevesine yerleştirilmesini gerektirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik işbirliği, Bilimsel-teknik işbirliği, Soğuk Savaş, Doğu-Batı bağları, Çekoslovakya, İşbirliği platformları

Kaynakça

• Ernst, M. (1987). Czechoslovakia and International Economic Cooperation. Prague: Orbis.
• Fairbanks (Jerry) Productions (1964). Century 21 Calling. retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://archive.org/details/Century21964.
• Fava, V. (2007). Motor Vehicles vs Dollars: Selling Socialist Cars in Neutral Markets. Some Evidence from the ŠKODA Auto Case. EUI Working Papers MPW No. 2007/36, European University Institute.
• Freeze, K. J. (2007). Unlikely Partners and the Management of Innovation in Communist Europe: A Case Study from the Czechoslovak Textile Machine Industry. Business and Economic History, 2007(5), 1-29.
• Galuška, M. (1968). Vavříny z Montrealu (pp. 24-25). Prague: Československý novinář.
• Hálek, J. (2012). „Ve znamení bdělosti a ostražitosti“: Zahraniční styky a emigrace pracovníků ČSAV v dobových dokumentech (1953 - 1971). Prague: Masarykův ústav AV ČR.
• Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The first IUPAC MACRO Symposium, Prague 1957. retrieved August 11, 2022, from https://www.imc.cas.cz/en/conferences/first-macro-symposium.
• International Labor Office (1970). Report on the Seminar 'Management Development in Practice', Jiloviste, Czechoslovakia, 21 to 29 January, 1970. Geneva: ILO.
• Kott, S. (2018). The Social Engineering Project. Exportation of Capitalist Management Culture to Eastern Europe (1950-1980). In Christian, M., Kott, S., et al. (Eds.), Planning in Cold War Europe: Competition, Cooperation, Circulations (1950s- 1970s). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
• Krakovsky, R. (2014). Réinventer le monde. L'espace et le temps en Tchécoslovaquie communiste. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
• Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, Hamburgisches Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv, Leipziger Messe GmbH, signature A10 L 183, retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://pm20.zbw.eu/folder/co/0150xx/015059/about.
• Molella, A. P., & Knowles, S. G. (Eds.) (2019). World’s Fairs in the Cold War: Science, Technology, and the Culture of Progress. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Morawetz, H. (2008). Mých devadesát let (pp. 200-201). Prague: Academia. Novák, J., Link, F., et al. (1960). International geophysical year and cooperation in Czechoslovakia 1957-1959. Prague: ČSAV.
• Nykryn, J. (1973). Mezinárodní průmyslová kooperace. Prague: SNTL. Nykryn, J., Štěpán, K. (1977). Czechoslovakia. La coopération économique des pays de l'Est avec la Suisse, 1977(5), Geneva: Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales.
• Olšáková, D. (2017). Between Stalinism and Infrastructural Globalism: The International Geophysical Year (1957–8) in Czechoslovakia, Poland and German Democratic Republic. Acta Poloniae Historica, 2017(115), 97-122.
• Olšáková, D. (2018). Pugwash in Eastern Europe: The Limits of International Cooperation under Soviet Control in the 1950s and 1960s. Journal of Cold War Studies, 20(1), 210-240.
• Péteri, G. (2012). Introduction: Sites of Convergence: The USSR and Communist Eastern Europe at International Fairs Abroad and at Home. Journal of Contemporary History, 47(1), 3-12.
• Porter, L. (2018). Cold War Internationalisms: The USSR in UNESCO, 1945-1967 [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill].
• Posejpalová-Kohoutová, O. (1969). Evropská hospodářská komise OSN 1968-1969. Prague: ÚVTEI.
• Procházka, Z. (1960). Hospodářská válka USA proti Československu. Prague: Vojenská politická akademie.
• Průcha, V. (2009). Hospodářské a sociální dějiny Československa 1918-1992: 2. díl. Období 1945-1992. Brno: Doplněk.
• Šnejdárek, A. (1967). Pugwash zasedala v Mariánských Lázních. Mezinárodní vztahy, 2(3), 54-55.
• Staar, R. F. (1991). Foreign Policies of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
• Těšínská, E. (2006). Počátky mezinárodní spolupráce v oblasti mírového využití atomové energie a účast Československa (MAAE, UNSCEAR, ICRP). Prague: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR.
• Wichterle, O. (1992). Vzpomínky. Prague: Evropský kulturní klub.
• Wightman, D. (1957). East-West Cooperation and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. International Organization, 11(1), 1-12.
• Zátopek, A. (1960). The Development of Czechoslovak Geophysics from 1945 to 1960. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 4(2), 102-110.