Tuz Stresinin Bitkiler Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Geliştirilen Tolerans Mekanizmaları

Abstract

Jeolojik, hidrolojik ve antropojenik birçok faktörün neden olduğu tuz stresi, bitkilerin hemen hemen tüm gelişme dönemlerinde olumsuz etkilere sebep olan oldukça karmaşık bir abiyotik strestir. Tuz stresinin neden olduğu ozmotik stres, bitki hücresindeki iyonik dengeyi ve genel homeostazı bozar. Bu abiyotik stres, osmotik strese neden olarak bitkilerin kullanabileceği su miktarını kısıtladığı gibi, iyonik stresi de tetikleyerek bitkilerde iyon miktarının toksik seviyelere ulaşmasına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca bitkilerde reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROT) artışını tetikleyen ikincil bir oksidatif stres oluşumuna neden olmaktadır. Genel olarak tuz stresine maruz kalan bitkilerde turgor kaybı, stoma iletkenliği ve fotosentez hızında azalma, besin dengesizliği, biyokütlenin azalması ve büyümenin yavaşlaması yaygın etkiler arasında görülür. Bitkiler bu olumsuz etkilerle baş edebilmek ve tuza tolerans oluşturabilmek için tuz alımı ve iyon taşınmasının kontrolü, ozmolitlerin ve antioksidanların sentezi veya birikimini içeren çeşitli savunma mekanizmaları geliştirmişlerdir. Farklı bitkiler, genotipe, adaptasyon kabiliyetine ve bitkinin diğer özelliklerine bağlı olarak tuzluluğa farklı tepkiler vermektedir. Endüstrileşmenin ve insan faaliyetlerinin hızla arttığı küreselleşen dünyada tuzluluğa dayanıklı transgenik bitkilerin geliştirilmesi verimliliği ve ürün kalitesi daha yüksek bitkiler elde etmek için oldukça önemlidir. Yüksek tuz konsantrasyonlarında yaşamlarını sürdürebilen halofitler ise, istenilen gen kaynağının sağlaması açısından tuza toleranslı glikofit bitkilerin yetiştirildiği çoğu transgenik çalışmada model organizmalar olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Keywords

• Abiyotik stres
• Tuzluluk
• Ozmolitler
• Antioksidanlar
• Moleküler yanıtlar

Effects of Salt Stress on Plants and Developed Tolerance Mechanisms

Abstract

Salt stress, caused by many geological, hydrological and anthropogenic factors, is a very complex abiotic stress that causes adverse effects in almost all development stages of plants. Osmotic stress caused by salt stress disrupts the ionic balance and general homeostasis in the plant cell. This abiotic stress not only limits the amount of water that plants can use by causing osmotic stress, but also triggers ionic stress, causing the amount of ions in plants to reach toxic levels. In addition, it causes secondary oxidative stress that triggers the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. In general, loss of turgor, decrease in stomatal conductivity and photosynthesis rate, nutrient imbalance, decrease in biomass and slowdown of growth are seen among the common effects in plants exposed to salt stress. Plants have developed various defense mechanisms, including salt intake and control of ion transport, synthesis or accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidants, in order to cope with these negative effects and to create salt tolerance. Different plants respond differently to salinity, depending on genotype, adaptability, and other plant characteristics. In the globalizing world, where industrialization and human activities are rapidly increasing, the development of salinity-tolerant transgenic plants is very important to obtain plants with higher productivity and product quality. Halophytes, which can survive in high salt concentrations, are used as model organisms in most transgenic studies in which salt-tolerant glycophyte plants are grown in order to provide the desired gene source.

Keywords

• Abiotic stress
• Salinity
• Osmolytes
• Antioxidants
• Molecular responses

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