Thermo-mechanical behaviours investigation of Nano-Sized Al2O3, TiO2, and Graphene Nanoplatelet Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Yıl 2024, , 1201 - 1216, 29.04.2024

Gülden Kabakçı , Mert Kılınçel , Guler Bengusu Tezel

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1422620

Cited By: 1

Öz

Composite materials find extensive applications in various industries, thanks to their remarkable properties. These sectors include energy, maritime, motor sports, aviation, space and defense. The materials commonly used in these sectors are fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials. Epoxy materials are commonly used as matrix in the production of FRP materials. This study delves into the enhancement of epoxy-based nanocomposites by using graphene nanoplatelets (GNP-5nm), TiO2 (13nm), and Al2O3 (8nm) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were added at varying mass ratios into a commercial epoxy to investigate their effects on some chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. Meticulous mixing methodologies were used to reduce clumping effects and ensure even distribution during the process. The curing process was carried out in a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) controlled hot air oven under isothermal conditions under the influence of 100 °C for 30 minutes. Tensile strength, elongation at break, toughness, resilience modulus, elasticity modulus, hardness, FTIR analysis and thermal conductivity properties were characterized to assess the nanoparticle influence on the epoxy matrix. The results showed that there were remarkable improvements in mechanical properties with nanoparticle reinforcement. Especially, 1.25% Al2O3 inclusion exhibited a substantial increase of 140.32% in tensile strength and a 7% rise in shore D hardness compared to pure epoxy. This enhancement was attributed to enhanced O-H bonding between 'O' atoms in Al2O3 nanoparticles and epoxy polymer chains, enhancing matrix-filler interactions. Additionally, the effect of 1.0% TiO2 led to plasticity, displaying a 32% rise in elongation at break, signifying improved deformation energy absorption compared to neat epoxy. In thermal conductivity measurements, the highest thermal conductivity was observed in the sample with 1.25% GNP added and it increased by 123.5% compared to neat epoxy. In TiO2 and Al2O3 added samples, an increase of 69% and 47%, respectively, was observed at 1.25% additive rates compared to neat epoxy. According to the results, thanks to the nanoparticle reinforcement added into the epoxy matrix, composite structures can be given new and superior properties specific to the applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Epoxy resin, Al2O3, TiO2, GNP nanoparticles, composite

Destekleyen Kurum

Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Proje Numarası

2021.06.05.1244

Kaynakça

• [1] S. Apay and M. Kilincel, "The investigation of wear properties of nanoparticle-reinforced epoxy composite material surfaces," Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 02-012, 2023.
• [2] M.A. Maghsoudlou, R.B. Isfahani and S. Saber-Samandari, “Effect of interphase, curvature and agglomeration of SWCNTs on mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites: experimental and numerical investigations,” Composite Part: B Engineering, vol. 175, 107-119, 2019.
• [3] M.R. Ayatollahi, R. Moghimi Monfared and R. Barbaz Isfahani. “Experimental investigation on tribological properties of carbon fabric composites: effects of carbon nanotubes and nano-silica Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. 233, pp. 874–884, 2019.
• [4] C.M. Hadden, D.R. Klimek-McDonald and E.J. Pineda, “Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composites: multiscale modeling and experiments,” Carbon, vol. 95, pp. 100–112, 2015.
• [5] R. Moghimi, M.R. Ayatollahi and R. Barbaz Isfahani, “Synergistic effects of hybrid MWCNT/nanosilica on the tensile and tribological properties of woven carbon fabric epoxy composites,” Synergistic effects of hybrid MWCNT/nanosilica on the tensile and tribological properties of woven carbon fabric epoxy composite, vol. 96, pp. 272–284, 2018.
• [6] A. Jumahat, C. Soutis, F.R. Jones, and A. Hodzic, “Fracture mechanisms and failure analysis of carbon fibre/toughened epoxy composites subjected to compressive loading,” Composite structure, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 295-305, 2010.
• [7] P.Y. Mechin , V. Keryvin, J.C. Grandidier, “Effect of the nano-filler content on the compressive strength of continuous carbon fibre/epoxy matrix composites,” Composite Part B, vol. 224, pp. 1-20, 2021.
• [8] B.B. Johnsen, A.J. Kinloch, R.D. Mohammed, A.C. Taylor and S.Sprenger, “Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers,” Polymer, vol. 48, pp. 530-541, 2007.
• [9] A. Jumahat, C. Soutis, F.R. Jones and A. Hodzic, “Effect of silica nanoparticles on compressive properties of an epoxy polymer,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 45, pp. 5973-5983, 2010.
• [10] A Kumar, K. Sharma, A.R. Dixit, “A review on the mechanical and thermal properties of graphene and graphene-based polymer nanocomposites: understanding of modelling and MD simulation,” Molecular Simulation, vol. 46, pp. 136–154, 2019.
• [11] S. Yazman and A. Samancı, “A comparative study on the effect of CNT or alumina nanoparticles on the tensile properties of epoxy nanocomposites,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 44, no. 2, pp.1353–1363, 2018.
• [12] X. Li, Y. Wu, and Z. Yu, “Tribological properties of organic functionalized ZrB2–Al2O3/epoxy composites” Tribology Letters, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2017.
• [13] L. Reijnders, “The release of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles from nanocomposites,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 94, pp. 873–876, 2009.
• [14] R. Aradhana, S. Mohanty, and S.K. Nayak, “Comparison of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide filled epoxy nanocomposite adhesives,” Polymer, vol. 141, pp. 109–123, 2018.
• [15] A. Zandiatashbar, C.R. Picu and N. Koratkar, “Control of Epoxy Creep Using Graphene,” Journal of Small, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1676–1682, 2012.
• [16] A. Mirmohseni and S. Zavareh, “Preparation And Characterization Of An Epoxy Nano Composite Toughened By A Combination Of Thermoplastic, Layered And Particulate NanoFillers,” Journal of Materials and Design, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 2699–2706, 2010.
• [17] K. Kumar, P.K. Ghosh and A. Kumar “Improving Mechanical and Thermal Properties of TiO2-Epoxy Nanocomposite,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 353–360, 2016.
• [18] O. Starkova, S.T. Buschhorn, E. Mannov, K. Schulte and A. Aniskevich, “Creep and Recovery of Epoxy/MWCNT Nanocomposites,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1212–1218, 2012.
• [19] F.H. Latief, A. Chafidz, H. Junaedi, A. Alfozan, R. Khan, “Effect of alumina contents on the physicomechanical properties of alumina reinforced polyester composites,” Advances in Polymer Technology, vol. 2019, 2019.
• [20] A. Chatterjee and M. S. Islam, “Fabrication and characterization of TiO2–epoxy nanocomposite,” Matererial Science Engineering A, vol. 487, no. 1, pp. 574–585, 2008.
• [21] R. B. Isfahani, “Molecular dynamics simulations of the effect of temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties of graphene–epoxy nanocomposites,” Molecular Simulation, vol. 46, no.6, pp. 476-486, 2020.
• [22] W.P.S. Saw, M.Mariatti, “Properties of synthetic diamond and graphene nanoplatelet-filled epoxy thin film composites for electronic applications,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 817–824, 2012.
• [23] H. Kasım and B. Demir, “Grafen dolgu malzemesi içeren elastomer esaslı basınç sensörlerinin çevrimli yük altında mekanik ve elektriksel karakterizasyonu” Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 3588–3608, 2021.
• [24] G. Kabakçı, M. Kılınçel and G. B. Tezel, “Nanofiller Effects on the Isothermal Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Resin,” Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1490–1502, 2023.
• [25] O.M. Yousri, M.H. Abdellatif and G. Bassioni, “Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Epoxy Composite,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 1511–1517, 2017.
• [26] X. Zhe, Z. Cheng,L. Yang, Z. Jun, L. Yuefeng, Y. Bobo, H. Rongrong and Q. Qi “Effect of the alumina micro-particle sizes on the thermal conductivity and dynamic mechanical property of epoxy resin,” Journal of Plos one, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1-17, 2023.
• [27] A. Mishra, M. Shukla, M.K. Shukla, D. Srivastava, and A.K. Nagpal, “Thermal and mechanical characterization of alumina modified multifunctional novolac epoxy nanocomposites,” Polymers and Polymer Composites, vol. 30, pp. 1-11, 2022.
• [28] K. Gouda, S. Bhowmik and B. Das, “Thermomechanical behavior of graphene nanoplatelets and bamboo micro filler incorporated epoxy hybrid composites,” Material Research Express, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2020.
• [29] M. Kilincel “Investigation Of The Use Of Different Interface Reinforcements On Interface Strength In CFRP-Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwiches,” V. Baskent International Conference On Multidisciplinary Studies, vol 5, no. 1, pp. 141-146, 2023.
• [30] A. Osman, A.Elhakeem, S. Kaytbay and A. Ahmed, “Thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of graphene/nano-alumina/epoxy composites,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 257, pp. 123809, 2021.
• [31] S. K. Singh, S. Singh, A. Kumar and A. Jain, “Thermo-mechanical behavior of TiO2 dispersed epoxy composites,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 184, pp. 241–248, 2017.
• [32] A. Rasheed, S. Islam and I. Fawad, “Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Graphene-Epoxy Nanocomposites-A Review,” Polymers, vol. 8, no.8 pp. 281, 2016.
• [33] J. Wei, R. Atif, T. Vo, and F. Inam, “Graphene Nanoplatelets in Epoxy System: Dispersion, Reaggregation, and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites,” Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2015, pp. 1–12, 2015.
• [34] A. Öndürücü and H. F. Kayıran, “Hibrit Kompozit Kirişlerin Yanal Burkulma Davranışlarına Soğuk Ortamın Etkisi,” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 22, no. özel, pp. 156–164, 2018.
• [35] R. Zaldivar, “Lessons Learned in the Processing of Polycyanurate Resin Composites,” The Aerospace Corporation Laboratory Operations Report, El Segundo, Rap. 8565 no.8, 2002.
• [36] M. Biron, “Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites: technical information for plastics users,” third edition, Elsevier, 2007
• [37] N. Korkmaz, E. Çakmak and Mehmet Dayık, “Dokuma Karbon Elyaf Takviyeli Karbon Nano Tüp-Epoksi Kompozit Malzemelerin Mekanik ve Termal Karakterizasyonu,” Journal, vol. 20, no. 2,pp. 338-353, 2016.