Some of Wood Properties of Narrow Leaved Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) From Natural and Plantation Stands in Turkey

Yıl 2020, , 1236 - 1249, 30.04.2020

Kamile Tırak Hızal , Nurgün Erdin

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.643212

Öz

Ash wood is very important for forest products industry. Because of its fast growing property it was planting for severeal years. Wood quality may change with several factors which one of the important factor is site conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical, physical properties and compression strength paralell to grain of natural and planted narrow leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) wood at different sites in Turkey. It was shown that there was a significant difference between natural and planted trees and between regions for all wood properties. Planted trees had higher density which had thicker double fiber cell wall, lower earlywood vessel frequency, higher and/or similar ray width, shorter earlywood vessels, lower multiseriate ray high number and length. The maximum oven-dry densities were 0.773 gr.cm-3 in Sinop and 0.719 gr.cm-3 in Adapazarı for planted trees. Higher shrinkage values were observed in denser planted trees. Planted trees exhibited higher compression strength parallel to grain (53.32 N.mm-2 in Adapazarı and 55.32 N.mm-2 in Sinop) than natural trees (51.02 N.mm-2 in Adapazarı and 50.05 N.mm- 2 in Sinop). As a result; planted NLA wood showed better wood properties except shrinkage values.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anatomical properties, Physical properties, Fraxinus angustifolia, Dişbudak, Plantasyon

Teşekkür

This study was prepared by Kamile TIRAK HIZAL and a part of doctorate thesis which name is “Comparison of Structural Properties of Ash and Alder Wood Species Grown in Natural and Planted stands” in Istanbul University, Institute of Science, Forest Industry Engineering Department. Thank for Istanbul University and Forest Industry Engeneering Department, Prof. Dr. Yılmaz BOZKURT Wood Anatomy Laboratory.

Türkiye’de Doğal ve Plantasyon Meşcerelerinde Yetişen Dar Yapraklı Dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) Ağaçlarının Bazı Odun Özellikleri

Öz

Orman Ürünleri Endüstrisi için dişbudak odunu çok önemli bir yer tutmakta ve hızlı büyüme yeteneğinden dolayı yıllardır yetiştirilmektedir. Odun kalitesi çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olarak değişebilir ki bunlardan en önemlisi yetişme yeri şartlarıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ‘de farklı bölgelerde yetişen doğal ve plantasyonla yetişen dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) odunlarının anatomik ve fiziksel özellikleri ile liflere paralel direncini belirlemektir. İncelenen tüm odun özellikleri için doğal ve plantasyonda yetişen ağaçlar arasında anlamlı farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Plantasyonda yetişen ağaçların odunları daha kalın lif çeperi, düşük ilkbahar odunu trahe sıklığı, daha yüksek ve/veya eşit oranda öz ışını genişliği, daha kısa ilkbahar odunu traheleri, daha düşük multiseri öz ışını yüksekliği ve uzunluğuna sahiptir ve yoğunlukları fazladır. Plantasyonda yetişen ağaçlarda maksimum fırın kurusu yoğunluk (d0) değeri Sinop bölgesinde 0.773 gr.cm-3 ve Adaparı bölgesinde 0.719 gr.cm-3’dir. Daha yoğun plantasyon ağaçlarında daha yüksek daralma miktarı elde edilmiştir. Her iki bölgede de plantasyonda yetişen ağaçların (53.32 N.mm-2 in Adapazarı and 55.32 N.mm-2 in Sinop) liflere paralel basınç direnci doğal yetişenlerden (51.02 N.mm-2 in Adapazarı and 50.05 N.mm- 2 in Sinop) daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak; plantasyonla yetiştirilen dar yapraklı dişbudak odunları daralma miktarları hariç daha iyi odun özellikleri göstermiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fraxinus angustifolia, Anatomik özellikler, Fiziksel özellikler, Plantasyon, Dişbudak

Kaynakça

• [1] S. Ayan, A. Sıvacıoğlu, “Review of the fast growing tree species in Turkey,” Boletin del CIDEU, vol. 2, pp. 57-71, 2006.
• [2] E. Çiçek and M. Yılmaz, “The importance of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa as a fast growing tree for Turkey,” in IUFRO meeting: Management of Fast Growing Plantations, Izmit, Turkey, 2002, pp. 192-202.
• [3] E. Wallander and V.A. Albert. “Phylogeny and classification of Oleaceae based on rps16 and trnL-F sequence data,” American Journal of Botany, vol. 87, pp.1827-1841, 2000.
• [4] E. Wallander, “Evolution of wind-pollination in Fraxinus (Oleaceae)-an ecophylogenetic approach,” Ph.D. dissertation, Göteborg University, Sweden, 2001.
• [5] Fraxigen, “Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leaved ash),” in Ash Species in Europe: Biological Characteristics and Practical Guidelines for Sustainable Use, Oxford, UK: Oxford Forestry Institute, 2005, ch. 5, pp. 65-73.
• [6] F. Kapucu, H. Yavuz and A.U. Gül, “Normal yield tables for natural and artificial ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) stands,” Karadeniz Technical University Research Funding Department, Trabzon, Turkey, Rep. 96.113.001.4, 1999.
• [7] P.J. Mitchell, E.J. Veneklaas, H. Lambers and S.S. Burgess, ”Using multiple trait asociations to define hydraulic funcitonal types in plant communities of south-western Australia,” Oecologia, vol. 158, pp. 385-397, 2008.
• [8] I. Miranda, M.H. Almeida and H. Pereira, “Influence of provenance, subspecies, and site on wood density in Eucalyptus globulus Labill.,” Wood Fiber Sci, vol. 33, pp. 9-15, 2001.
• [9] P. Rozenberg, A. Franc, C. Bastien and C. Cahalan, “Improving models of wood density by including genetic effects: A case study in Douglas-fir,” Ann. For. Sci., vol. 58, pp. 385-394, 2001.
• [10] O. Bouriau, N. Breda, G. Le Moguedec and G. Nepveu, “Modelling variability of wood density in beech as affected by ring age, radial growth and climate,” Trees-Struct. Funct., vol. 18, pp. 264–276, 2004.
• [11] E. Guilley, J.C. Herve, F. Huber and G. Nepveu, “Modelling variability of within-ring density components in Quercus petraea Liebl. With mixed-effect models and simulating the influence of contrasting silvicultures on wood density,” Ann. For. Sci., vol. 56, pp. 449–458, 1999.
• [12] K.R. Briffa, T.J Osborn, F.H. Schweingruber, P.D. Jones, S.G. Shiyatov and E.A. Vaganov, “Tree-ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere: part 1, local and regional climate signals,” Holocene, vol. 12, pp. 737–757, 2002.
• [13] B.E. Splechtna, J. Dobry and K. Klinka, “Tree-ring characteristics of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in relation to elevation and climatic fluctuations,” Ann. For. Sci., vol. 57, pp. 89–100, 2000.
• [14] F. Ackermann, “Influence du type de station forestière sur les composantes intracernes de la densité du bois du chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L) dans les chênaies de l’Adour et des coteaux basco-béarnais,” Ann. For. Sci., vol. 52, pp. 635–652, 1995.
• [15] J.L. St–Germain and C. Krause, “Latitudinal variation in tree-ring and wood cell characteristics of Picea mariana across the continuous boreal forest in Quebec,” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 38, pp. 1397–1405, 2008.
• [16] W.D. Nugroho, S.N. Marsoem, K. Yasue, T. Fujiwara, T. Nakajima, M. Hayakawa, S. Nakaba, Y. Yamagishi, H. Jin, T. Kubo and R. Funada, “Radial variations in the anatomical characteristics and density of the wood of Acacia mangium of five different provenances in Indonesia,” J Wood Sci, vol. 58, pp. 185-194, 2012.
• [17] I. Hudson, L. Wilson, C. Sandercock and R. Sands, “Within ring variability of wood microstructure in Eucalyptus nitens,” Eucalyptus Plantation: Improving Fibre Yield and Quality: CRC for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Hobart, 1995, pp. 110-115.
• [18] C.F. Sandercock, R. Sands, B.G. Rideoutt, L.F. Wilson and I. Hudson, “Factors determining wood microstructure in Eucalyptus,” Eucalyptus Plantations: İmproving Fibre Yield and Quality: CRC for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Hobart, 1995, pp.5-9.
• [19] F. Jorge, T. Quilho and H. Pereira, “Variability of fibre length in wood and bark in Eucalyptus globulus,” IAWA Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 41-48, 2000.
• [20] J. Barnett and V. Bonham, “Cellulose microfibril angle in the cell wall of wood fibres,” Biol Rev, vol. 79, pp. 461-472, 2004.
• [21] C. Beck, An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development, 2nd ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• [22] U. Hacke, J.S. Sperry, W.T. Dockman, S.D. Davia and K.A. McCulloh, “Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure,” Oecologia, vol. 126, pp. 457-461, 2001.
• [23] A.K. Preston, K.W. Cornwell and J.L. Denoyer, “Wood density and vessel traits as distinct correlates of ecological strategy in 51 California Coast Range Angiosperms,” New Phytol, vol. 170 pp. 807-818, 2006.
• [24] N.S. Santini, N. Schmitz and C.E. Lovelock, “Variation in wood density and anatomy in a widespread Mangrove Species,” Trees, vol. 26 pp. 1555–1563, 2012.
• [25] W. Simpson, “Properties of wood related to drying,” in Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Handbook, Wisconsin, US: USDA Forest Service, 1991, pp. 1–50.
• [26] H.E. Desch and J.M. Dinwoodie, Timber, Its Structure, Properties And Utilization, 6th ed., London: Published by Macmillan Education Limited, 1983, pp. 410.
• [27] A.J. Panshin and C. de Zeeuw, Text Book of Wood Technology, Structure, İdentification, Properties and Uses of The Commercial Wood Of The United States and Canada, New York, USA: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1980, pp. 722.
• [28] C. Güler, H.İ. Şahin and E. Çiçek, “Some anatomical and morphological properties of narrow leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) wood grown in different scaping,” SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal, vol. 13, pp. 35-40, 2012.
• [29] C. Güler, H.I. Sahin and S. Aliogullari “Effect of spacing on some mechanical properties of narrow leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) Wood,” Maderas.Ciencia y Tecnolia, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 773-788, 2015.
• [30] U. Büyüksarı, T. Akbulut, C. Güler and N. As, “Wettability and surface roughness of natural and plantation-grown narrow leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) wood,” Bioresources, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 4721-4730, 2011.
• [31] E. C. Jeffrey, The Anatomy of Woody Plants, Chicago, UK: University of Chicago Press, 1917.
• [32] International Association of Wood Anatomist Committee, “IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification,” IAWA Bull., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 219–332, 1989.
• [33] Wood Determination of Density for Physical and Mechanical Tests, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü TS 2472, 1976.
• [34] Wood Determination of Radial and Tangential Shrinkage, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü TS 4083, 1983.
• [35] Wood Sampling and Test Methods - Determination of Physical Properties, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü TS 53, 1981.
• [36] A.Y. Bozkurt ve Y. Göker, Fiziksel ve Mekanik Ağaç Teknolojisi, İstanbul, Türkiye: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, 1995, pp. 74-92.
• [37] Wood Determination of Ultimate Stress in Compression Parallel to Grain, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü TS 2595, 1976.
• [38] Wood Determination of Moisture Content for Physical and Mechanical Tests, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü TS 2471, 1976.
• [39] F. Bak, “Türkiye’de yetişen Oleaceae familyası taksonlarının ekolojik odun anatomisi,” Doktora tezi, Orman Mühendisliği Programı, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, Türkiye, 2006.
• [40] N. Merev, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Doğal Angiospermae Taksonlarının Odun Anatomisi, 1. baskı, Trabzon, Türkiye: K.T.Ü Yayınları, pp. 621,1998.
• [41] İ. Gürsu, Süleymaniye Ormanı Sivri Meyveli Dişbudakları (Fraxinus Oxycarpa Willd.) Odununun Bazı Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri ve Değerlendirme İmkânları Hakkında Araştırmalar, Ankara, Türkiye: Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, 1971, ss .187.
• [42] C. Güler, Y. Çöpür ve Ö. Kara, “Dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarındaki dikim aralıklarının, odunun fiziksel, mekanik ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması,” Tübitak (TOVAG) Projesi, Türkiye, Rap. 1070537, 2009.
• [43] S. Alioğulları, “Süleymaniye plantasyonlarında uygulanan dikim aralığının dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) odununun bazı mekanik özellikleri üzerine etkisi,” Yüksek Lisans tezi, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Programı, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce Üniversitesi, Düzce, Turkey, 2010.
• [44] M. Aung, “Density variation outwards from the pith in some species of Shorea and its anatomical basis,” Com. For. Rev., vol. 41, pp. 48-56, 1962.
• [45] T. Sugawa, “The anatomical characters of Red launan wood from the Philipines,” Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stat., vol. 234, pp. 9-19, 1971.
• [46] S.Y. Zhang, R.E., Owoundi, G., Nepveu, F., Mothe and J.F. Dhote, “Modelling density in European oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) and simulating silvicultural influence,” Can. J. For. Res., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 2587-2593, 1993.
• [47] B.J. Zobel and J.P. van Bujten, “Wood variation: Its causes and control,” New York, USA: Springer Verlag, 1989.
• [48] E. A. Wheeler, “Anatomical and biological properties of juvenile wood in conifers and hardwoods,” 41 st Ann Meet FPRS Louisville, Kentucky, 1987.
• [49] T. K. Hizal, “Comparison of structural properties of ash and alder wood species grown in natural and planted stands,” Ph.D. dissertation, Forest Biology and Wood Protection Dept., Institute of Science, Istanbul, Istanbul University, Turkey, 2014.
• [50] R. Moya and F. Munoz, “Physical and mechanical properties of eight fast-growing plantatipn species in Costa Rica,” Journal of Tropical Forest Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 317-328, 2010.
• [51] W.G. Keating and E. Bolza, Characteristics, Properties and Uses of Timbers, South-East Asia, Northern Australia and The Pasific, Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press, 1982, pp.362.
• [52] B. Zobel and J. Sprague, Juvenile Wood in Forest Trees, New York, USA: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, pp. 304.
• [53] Y. Göker, “Hızlı gelişen türlerden bazılarının teknolojik özellikleri,” İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 32, s 1, ss. 203-215, 1982.
• [54] J. G. Haygreen and J. L. Bowyer, Forest Products and Wood Science, 3rd ed., USA: IOWA State University Press, 1996, pp. 484.