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Cleaner Analyzes: Green Chemistry

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 160 - 175, 31.01.2020

Ozlem Sogut , Busenur Çelebi

Öz

Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes used to reduce or eliminate the useage and production of hazardous substances. Green chemistry makes designs based on preventing the formation of waste, using all substances in the final product, using catalysts, not using reactants and choosing the least dangerous substances in production. It also makes designs that consumed small amounts of energy and used renewable raw materials. In green chemisty; less toxic chemical products is designed which is deteriorate at the end of products life. In the reactions, derivatives which may require additional reagents and may cause waste generation are avoided. Green chemistry uses analytical methods for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances, and finally, substances used in a chemical process are tried to be selected to minimize the risk of chemical accidents such as fire, explosion and leakage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Analysis Environmental pollution Green chemistry

Kaynakça

  • [1] P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, NY, USA, Oxford, 1998, pp. 30.
  • [2] P. Anastas and N. Eghbali, ''Green chemisty principles and practice'', Chem. Soc. Rev, vol. 39, pp. 301-312, 2010.
  • [3] A. Gałuszka, Z. Migaszewski and J. Namiesnik, ''The 12 principles of green chemistry and the significance mnemoic of green analytical practice''. Trends Anal. Chem., vol. 50, pp. 78-84, 2013.
  • [4] J. H. Clark, ''Green chemistry challenges and opportunities'', Green Chem., v. 1, pp. 1-8, 1999.
  • [5] EPA, ''Information of green chemistry challange''. https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-presidential-green-chemistry-challenge (accessed May 18, 2019).
  • [6] RSC. Green Chemistry Network. http://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/GCN/ (accessed Apr. 20, 2019).
  • [7] M. Kidwai, ''Green chemistry in India'', Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 1261-63, 2001.
  • [8] P. T. Anastas, L. B. Bartlett, M. M. Kirchoff and T. C. Williamson, ''The role of catalysis in the design, development and implementation of green chemistry'', Catal. Today, vol. 5, no: 1-2, pp. 11-22, 2000.
  • [9] O. Yılmaz, B. Y. Kara, and U. Yetis, ''Hazardous waste management system design under population and environmental impact considerations'', J. Environ. Manage., vol. 203, pp. 720-731, 2017.
  • [10] S. L. Y. Tang, R. L. Smith and M. Poliakoff, ''Principles of green chemistry: productively'', Green Chem., vol. 11, pp. 761-62, 2005.
  • [11] T. J. Collins, ''Efficient, selective totally chlorine free (TCF) wood pulp bleaching technology''. The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 12, 1998. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [12] R. A. Sheldon, ''The E factor: fifteen years'', Green Chem., vol. 9, pp. 1273-1283, 2007.
  • [13] R. Sheldon. ''Green chemistry''. https://www.sheldon.nl/roger/efactor (accessed: (May 5, 2019)
  • [14] B. M. Trost, ''The atom economy- a search for synthetic efficiency'', Sci., v. 254, no. 5037, pp. 1471-77, 1991.
  • [15] P. J. Dunn, ''The importance of green chemistry in process and research development''. Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 41, pp. 1452-61, 2012.
  • [16] P. T. Anastas, M. M. Kirchhoff and T. C. Williamson, ''Catalysis as foundational of green chemistry'', Appl. Catal. A: Gener., vol. 221, no: 1-2, pp. 3-13, 2001.
  • [17] C. I. Herrerias, X. Yao, Z. Li and C. J. Li, ''Reactions of C-H bonds in water'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2546-2542, 2007.
  • [18] Y. Fujiwara and C. Jia, ''New development in transitition metal- catalyzed synthetic reactions via CH bond activation'', Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 319-324, 2001.
  • [19] S. Murai, F. Kakiuchi, S. Sekine, Y. Tanaka, A. Kamatani, M. Sonoda and N. Chatani, ''Efficient catalytic addition of aromatic carbon-hydrogen bonds to olefins'', Nature, vol. 366, pp. 529-531, 1993.
  • [20] D. R. Stuart, and K. Fagnou, ''The catalytic cross-coupling of unactivated arenes'', Sci., vol. 316, no. 5828, pp. 1172-1175, 2007.
  • [21] R. K. Morgan, ''Environmental impact assesment: the stage of art'', J. Impact Asses Project Appraisal., v. 30, no. 1, pp. 5-14, 2012, doi:10.1080/14615517.2012.661557.
  • [22] Rohm, Haas Com. '' Designing an environmentally safe marine antifoulant.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 4, 1996 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf
  • [23] J. A. Jacobsen, ''Organotine compounds in Danish marine environment and fate studies'', PhD thesis, Inst. Biol. Chem, Roskilde, Denmark, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12514229.pdf.
  • [24] M. Jain, S. Moonju and R.V. Singh, ''Synthesis, structural studies and some biological aspects, including nematicidal and insecticidal properties, of organotin (IV) complexes formed with biologically active sulfonamide imine ligand'', Appl. Orgonomet. Chem., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 471- 479, 2004.
  • [25] T. Nicola, P. J. Whilton and S. Mann, ''Bioinorganic clays: synthesis and characterization of amino acids and poly aminoacid intercolated layered double hydroxides'', J. Mater. Chem., vol. 7, pp. 1623-1629, 1997.
  • [26] R. A. Sheldon, ''Green solvent for ustainable organic syhthesis:state of the art'', Green Chem., vol. 7, pp. 267-278, 2005.
  • [27] W. M. Nelson, Green Solvents for Chemistry: Perspectives and Practice, NY, USA, Oxford, 2003, p. 22.
  • [28] I. T. Horvath and P.T. Anastas, ''Innovations in green chemistry'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2169- 2173, 2007.
  • [29] H. M. Marvaniya, K. N. Modi and D. J. Sen, ''Greener reactions under solvent free conditions''. Inter. J. Drug Develop. Res. vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 34–44, 2011.
  • [30] D. Huertas, M. Florscher and V. Dragojlovic, ''Solvent free Diels-Alder reactons of in sute generated cyclopentadiene'', Green Chem., vol. 1, pp. 91-95, 2009.
  • [31] D. C. Waddell and J. Mack , ''An environmentally benign solvent free Tishchenko reaction'', Green Chem., vol. 11, pp. 79-82, 2009.
  • [32] B. C. Ranu, A. Hajra and S.S. Dey, ''A practical and green approach towards systehesis of dihydropirimidinones without any solvent or catalyst'', Org. Process Res. Dev., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 817-818, 2002.
  • [33] R. Breslow, ''Hydrophobic effects on simple organic reactions in water'', Accounts Chem. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 159-164, 1991.
  • [34] C.J. Li and L. Chen, ''Organic chemistry in water'', Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 68-82, 2006.
  • [35] Y. Hayashi, T. Urushima, S. Aratake, T. Okano and K. Obi, ''Organic solvent free enantio and diastreoselective, direct Mannich reaction in the presence of water'', Organic Lett., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2008.
  • [36] N. Çolak ve Y. Tülek, ''Süperkritik akışkan ekstraksiyonu'', Gıda, c. 28, s. 3, ss. 313-320, 2003.
  • [37] Supercriticalfluid. org, ''Explore, use, make the most of supercritical fluids.'' http://www.supercriticalfluid.org/Supercritical-fluids.146.0.html (accessed Apr.18,2019). [38] Chem.libretexts. org. ''Supercritical fluids.'' https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids (accessed Apr. 19, 2019).
  • [39] Greenchemuoft wordpress. ''Green chemistry principle 6: design for energy efficiency.'' https://greenchemuoft.wordpress.com/2016/02/18/greenchemprinciple6 (accessed Apr. 12, 2019).
  • [40] ACS Org. ''Green Chemistry.'' https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry.html (accessed May 15, 2019).
  • [41] GE Plastics. ''New catalyst for producing ULTEM thermoplastic resin.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, 1996, pp.35-36. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf.
  • [42] C. R. Mathison and D. J. Cole-Hamilton, Catalyst Separation Recovery and Recycling, Nether, Springer press: 2006, pp. 145.
  • [43] Süd-Chemie Inc. ''A wastewater- free process for synthesis of solid oxide catalyst.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award Recipients 1996-2014, pp. 61, 2015 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/award_recipients_1996_2014.pdf
  • [44] K. M. Draths and J. W. Frost, ''Use of microbes as entvironmentally- belign synthetic catalysis.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 3, 1998. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [45] N. W. Y. Ho, '' Successfully development of recombinant xyclose- fermenting saccroromyces yeasts capable of effectively co- fermenting glucose and xylose from renawable cellulatic biomass to ethanol as clean transportation biofuel.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, 1998, pp. 21-22 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [46] H. H. Khoo, L.L. Wong, J. Tan, V. Isoni and P. Sharratt, ''Synthesis of 2- methylhydrofuran from various lignocellulosic feed stoks: sustainability assesment via LCA'', Resour. Conserv. Recy., vol. 95, pp. 174-180, 2015.
  • [47] I. S. Young and P. S. Baran, ''Protecting group free synthesis as an opportunity for invention'', Nature Chem., vol. 1, pp. 193-205, 2009.
  • [48] Altus Biologics Inc. '' Cross- linked enzyme crystalls (CLECs) as robust and broadly applicable industrial catalyst.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program Summary of 1997 Award Entries and Recipient, pp. 13, 1997. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1997.pdf
  • [49] M. Saçak, Kimyasal Kinetik, Ankara, Türkiye: Ankara Üniv. 1993, s.131.
  • [50] R. Ciriminna and M. Pagliaro, ''Green chemistry in the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries'', Org. Process Res. Dev.,vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1479-1484, 2013.
  • [51] Pharmacia and Upjohn Inc. ''An alternative systhesis of bisnoraldehyde, on intermediate to progesterone and corticostreroids.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 18, 1996 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf
  • [52] H. P. Lesutis, R. Gläser, C. L. Liotta and C. A. Eckert, ''Acid/base catalyzed ester hydrolysis in near critical water'', Chem. Commun., vol. 20, pp. 2063-2064, 1999.
  • [53] Polimernet.com.''Aerobik ve anaerobik bozunma.'' http://www.polimernet.com/Docs/Aerobik%20&%20Anaerobik%20Bio-Bozunma.pdf. (erişim: May. 12, 2019)
  • [54] R. S. Boethling, E. Sommer and D. Di DFiore , ''Designing small molecules for biogradability'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 2207-2227, 2007.
  • [55] M. Gupta, S. Paul and R. Gupta, ''General aspects of 12 basic principles of green chemistry with applications'', Current Sci., vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 1341-1361, 2010.
  • [56] R. A. Gross and D. L. Kaplan, ''Biotechnological routes to toilored polymerşc products of environmental and industrial importance.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1997 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 8, 1997. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1997.pdf
  • [57] P.T. Anastas, ''Green chemistry and the role of analytical methodology development''. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 167-175, 1999.
  • [58] L. H. Keith, L.U. Gron and J.L. Young, ''Green analytical metodology'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 2697, 2007.

Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 160 - 175, 31.01.2020

Ozlem Sogut , Busenur Çelebi

Öz

Yeşil Kimya, tehlikeli maddelerin kullanımını, üretimini azaltmak veya ortadan kaldırmak için kullanılan kimyasal ürün ve işlemlerin tasarımıdır. Yeşil kimya, atık oluşumunun engellenmesi, nihai ürünlerde reaksiyona giren tüm maddelerin kullanılması, katalizör kullanılması, üretimde yardımcı maddelerin kullanılmaması veya en az tehlikeli yardımcı maddelerin seçilmesi esasına dayalı tasarımlar yapmaktadır. Ayrıca, az miktarda enerji tüketen ve yenilenebilir hammaddeler kullanan tasarımlar yapar. Yeşil kimyada; kimyasal ürünler zehirliliği az olacak şekilde ve ürünlerin kullanım ömrü sona erdiğinde bozulmak üzere tasarlanmıştır. Reaksiyonlarda, ilave reaktifler gerektirebilecek ve atık oluşumuna neden olabilecek türevlerden kaçınılmaktadır. Tehlikeli maddelerin oluşumundan önce gerçek zamanlı, süreç içi izleme ve kontrol için analitik yöntemler kullanılır ve son olarak, kimyasal bir işlemde kullanılan maddeler yangın, patlama, sızıntı gibi kimyasal kaza riskini en aza indirecek şekilde seçilmeye çalışılır.




Anahtar Kelimeler

Analiz Çevre kirliliği Yeşil kimya

Kaynakça

  • [1] P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, NY, USA, Oxford, 1998, pp. 30.
  • [2] P. Anastas and N. Eghbali, ''Green chemisty principles and practice'', Chem. Soc. Rev, vol. 39, pp. 301-312, 2010.
  • [3] A. Gałuszka, Z. Migaszewski and J. Namiesnik, ''The 12 principles of green chemistry and the significance mnemoic of green analytical practice''. Trends Anal. Chem., vol. 50, pp. 78-84, 2013.
  • [4] J. H. Clark, ''Green chemistry challenges and opportunities'', Green Chem., v. 1, pp. 1-8, 1999.
  • [5] EPA, ''Information of green chemistry challange''. https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-presidential-green-chemistry-challenge (accessed May 18, 2019).
  • [6] RSC. Green Chemistry Network. http://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/GCN/ (accessed Apr. 20, 2019).
  • [7] M. Kidwai, ''Green chemistry in India'', Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 1261-63, 2001.
  • [8] P. T. Anastas, L. B. Bartlett, M. M. Kirchoff and T. C. Williamson, ''The role of catalysis in the design, development and implementation of green chemistry'', Catal. Today, vol. 5, no: 1-2, pp. 11-22, 2000.
  • [9] O. Yılmaz, B. Y. Kara, and U. Yetis, ''Hazardous waste management system design under population and environmental impact considerations'', J. Environ. Manage., vol. 203, pp. 720-731, 2017.
  • [10] S. L. Y. Tang, R. L. Smith and M. Poliakoff, ''Principles of green chemistry: productively'', Green Chem., vol. 11, pp. 761-62, 2005.
  • [11] T. J. Collins, ''Efficient, selective totally chlorine free (TCF) wood pulp bleaching technology''. The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 12, 1998. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [12] R. A. Sheldon, ''The E factor: fifteen years'', Green Chem., vol. 9, pp. 1273-1283, 2007.
  • [13] R. Sheldon. ''Green chemistry''. https://www.sheldon.nl/roger/efactor (accessed: (May 5, 2019)
  • [14] B. M. Trost, ''The atom economy- a search for synthetic efficiency'', Sci., v. 254, no. 5037, pp. 1471-77, 1991.
  • [15] P. J. Dunn, ''The importance of green chemistry in process and research development''. Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 41, pp. 1452-61, 2012.
  • [16] P. T. Anastas, M. M. Kirchhoff and T. C. Williamson, ''Catalysis as foundational of green chemistry'', Appl. Catal. A: Gener., vol. 221, no: 1-2, pp. 3-13, 2001.
  • [17] C. I. Herrerias, X. Yao, Z. Li and C. J. Li, ''Reactions of C-H bonds in water'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2546-2542, 2007.
  • [18] Y. Fujiwara and C. Jia, ''New development in transitition metal- catalyzed synthetic reactions via CH bond activation'', Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 319-324, 2001.
  • [19] S. Murai, F. Kakiuchi, S. Sekine, Y. Tanaka, A. Kamatani, M. Sonoda and N. Chatani, ''Efficient catalytic addition of aromatic carbon-hydrogen bonds to olefins'', Nature, vol. 366, pp. 529-531, 1993.
  • [20] D. R. Stuart, and K. Fagnou, ''The catalytic cross-coupling of unactivated arenes'', Sci., vol. 316, no. 5828, pp. 1172-1175, 2007.
  • [21] R. K. Morgan, ''Environmental impact assesment: the stage of art'', J. Impact Asses Project Appraisal., v. 30, no. 1, pp. 5-14, 2012, doi:10.1080/14615517.2012.661557.
  • [22] Rohm, Haas Com. '' Designing an environmentally safe marine antifoulant.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 4, 1996 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf
  • [23] J. A. Jacobsen, ''Organotine compounds in Danish marine environment and fate studies'', PhD thesis, Inst. Biol. Chem, Roskilde, Denmark, 2000. [Online]. Available: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12514229.pdf.
  • [24] M. Jain, S. Moonju and R.V. Singh, ''Synthesis, structural studies and some biological aspects, including nematicidal and insecticidal properties, of organotin (IV) complexes formed with biologically active sulfonamide imine ligand'', Appl. Orgonomet. Chem., vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 471- 479, 2004.
  • [25] T. Nicola, P. J. Whilton and S. Mann, ''Bioinorganic clays: synthesis and characterization of amino acids and poly aminoacid intercolated layered double hydroxides'', J. Mater. Chem., vol. 7, pp. 1623-1629, 1997.
  • [26] R. A. Sheldon, ''Green solvent for ustainable organic syhthesis:state of the art'', Green Chem., vol. 7, pp. 267-278, 2005.
  • [27] W. M. Nelson, Green Solvents for Chemistry: Perspectives and Practice, NY, USA, Oxford, 2003, p. 22.
  • [28] I. T. Horvath and P.T. Anastas, ''Innovations in green chemistry'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2169- 2173, 2007.
  • [29] H. M. Marvaniya, K. N. Modi and D. J. Sen, ''Greener reactions under solvent free conditions''. Inter. J. Drug Develop. Res. vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 34–44, 2011.
  • [30] D. Huertas, M. Florscher and V. Dragojlovic, ''Solvent free Diels-Alder reactons of in sute generated cyclopentadiene'', Green Chem., vol. 1, pp. 91-95, 2009.
  • [31] D. C. Waddell and J. Mack , ''An environmentally benign solvent free Tishchenko reaction'', Green Chem., vol. 11, pp. 79-82, 2009.
  • [32] B. C. Ranu, A. Hajra and S.S. Dey, ''A practical and green approach towards systehesis of dihydropirimidinones without any solvent or catalyst'', Org. Process Res. Dev., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 817-818, 2002.
  • [33] R. Breslow, ''Hydrophobic effects on simple organic reactions in water'', Accounts Chem. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 159-164, 1991.
  • [34] C.J. Li and L. Chen, ''Organic chemistry in water'', Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 68-82, 2006.
  • [35] Y. Hayashi, T. Urushima, S. Aratake, T. Okano and K. Obi, ''Organic solvent free enantio and diastreoselective, direct Mannich reaction in the presence of water'', Organic Lett., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 21-24, 2008.
  • [36] N. Çolak ve Y. Tülek, ''Süperkritik akışkan ekstraksiyonu'', Gıda, c. 28, s. 3, ss. 313-320, 2003.
  • [37] Supercriticalfluid. org, ''Explore, use, make the most of supercritical fluids.'' http://www.supercriticalfluid.org/Supercritical-fluids.146.0.html (accessed Apr.18,2019). [38] Chem.libretexts. org. ''Supercritical fluids.'' https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids (accessed Apr. 19, 2019).
  • [39] Greenchemuoft wordpress. ''Green chemistry principle 6: design for energy efficiency.'' https://greenchemuoft.wordpress.com/2016/02/18/greenchemprinciple6 (accessed Apr. 12, 2019).
  • [40] ACS Org. ''Green Chemistry.'' https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/greenchemistry.html (accessed May 15, 2019).
  • [41] GE Plastics. ''New catalyst for producing ULTEM thermoplastic resin.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, 1996, pp.35-36. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf.
  • [42] C. R. Mathison and D. J. Cole-Hamilton, Catalyst Separation Recovery and Recycling, Nether, Springer press: 2006, pp. 145.
  • [43] Süd-Chemie Inc. ''A wastewater- free process for synthesis of solid oxide catalyst.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award Recipients 1996-2014, pp. 61, 2015 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/award_recipients_1996_2014.pdf
  • [44] K. M. Draths and J. W. Frost, ''Use of microbes as entvironmentally- belign synthetic catalysis.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 3, 1998. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [45] N. W. Y. Ho, '' Successfully development of recombinant xyclose- fermenting saccroromyces yeasts capable of effectively co- fermenting glucose and xylose from renawable cellulatic biomass to ethanol as clean transportation biofuel.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1998 Award Entries and Recipients, 1998, pp. 21-22 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1998.pdf
  • [46] H. H. Khoo, L.L. Wong, J. Tan, V. Isoni and P. Sharratt, ''Synthesis of 2- methylhydrofuran from various lignocellulosic feed stoks: sustainability assesment via LCA'', Resour. Conserv. Recy., vol. 95, pp. 174-180, 2015.
  • [47] I. S. Young and P. S. Baran, ''Protecting group free synthesis as an opportunity for invention'', Nature Chem., vol. 1, pp. 193-205, 2009.
  • [48] Altus Biologics Inc. '' Cross- linked enzyme crystalls (CLECs) as robust and broadly applicable industrial catalyst.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program Summary of 1997 Award Entries and Recipient, pp. 13, 1997. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1997.pdf
  • [49] M. Saçak, Kimyasal Kinetik, Ankara, Türkiye: Ankara Üniv. 1993, s.131.
  • [50] R. Ciriminna and M. Pagliaro, ''Green chemistry in the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries'', Org. Process Res. Dev.,vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1479-1484, 2013.
  • [51] Pharmacia and Upjohn Inc. ''An alternative systhesis of bisnoraldehyde, on intermediate to progesterone and corticostreroids.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1996 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 18, 1996 [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1996.pdf
  • [52] H. P. Lesutis, R. Gläser, C. L. Liotta and C. A. Eckert, ''Acid/base catalyzed ester hydrolysis in near critical water'', Chem. Commun., vol. 20, pp. 2063-2064, 1999.
  • [53] Polimernet.com.''Aerobik ve anaerobik bozunma.'' http://www.polimernet.com/Docs/Aerobik%20&%20Anaerobik%20Bio-Bozunma.pdf. (erişim: May. 12, 2019)
  • [54] R. S. Boethling, E. Sommer and D. Di DFiore , ''Designing small molecules for biogradability'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 2207-2227, 2007.
  • [55] M. Gupta, S. Paul and R. Gupta, ''General aspects of 12 basic principles of green chemistry with applications'', Current Sci., vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 1341-1361, 2010.
  • [56] R. A. Gross and D. L. Kaplan, ''Biotechnological routes to toilored polymerşc products of environmental and industrial importance.'' The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program, Summary of 1997 Award Entries and Recipients, pp. 8, 1997. [Online] Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1997.pdf
  • [57] P.T. Anastas, ''Green chemistry and the role of analytical methodology development''. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 167-175, 1999.
  • [58] L. H. Keith, L.U. Gron and J.L. Young, ''Green analytical metodology'', Chem. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 2697, 2007.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ozlem Sogut 0000-0002-4661-5401

Busenur Çelebi Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2207-1868

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sogut, O., & Çelebi, B. (2020). Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 8(1), 160-175.
AMA Sogut O, Çelebi B. Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya. DÜBİTED. Ocak 2020;8(1):160-175.
Chicago Sogut, Ozlem, ve Busenur Çelebi. “Daha Temiz Analizler: Yeşil Kimya”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8, sy. 1 (Ocak 2020): 160-75.
EndNote Sogut O, Çelebi B (01 Ocak 2020) Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8 1 160–175.
IEEE O. Sogut ve B. Çelebi, “Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya”, DÜBİTED, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 160–175, 2020.
ISNAD Sogut, Ozlem - Çelebi, Busenur. “Daha Temiz Analizler: Yeşil Kimya”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 8/1 (Ocak 2020), 160-175.
JAMA Sogut O, Çelebi B. Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya. DÜBİTED. 2020;8:160–175.
MLA Sogut, Ozlem ve Busenur Çelebi. “Daha Temiz Analizler: Yeşil Kimya”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, c. 8, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 160-75.
Vancouver Sogut O, Çelebi B. Daha temiz analizler: Yeşil kimya. DÜBİTED. 2020;8(1):160-75.