THE EFFECT OF WORKING FROM HOME ON JOB SKILLS IN THE CONTEXT OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT: THE REFLECTION FACE OF COVID-19

Öz

The main objective of the study is to address the problems faced by the workers working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic process due to their roles and the mediation status of the individual's work skills level in solving these problems. In this study, in which 450 employees working in the call center were selected as a sample by using a simple random method and questionnaire technique, data were obtained from 254 people. A structural equation model was used to determine the level of statistical significance between the variables in the study and the AMOS program was used. Thus, the validity of the model, the level of influence and relationship between the variables, and the goodness of fit statistics were discussed within the framework of the stated hypotheses. According to the results of the analysis, it has been observed that working from home had a 49% effect on job crafting, while work-family conflict played a partial mediating role (47.2%) in this effect. It is also another result that there is a positive relationship (r= ,357**) between job crafting and work-family conflict.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• Remote work
• Job crafting
• Work-family conflict
• Role conflict

İŞ-AİLE ÇATIŞMASI BAĞLAMINDA EVDEN ÇALIŞMANIN İŞ BECERİKLİLİĞİNE ETKİSİ: COVID-19’UN YANSIYAN YÜZÜ

Öz

Çalışmada temel amaç, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde evde çalışan işgörenlerin üstlendikleri roller nedeniyle karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve bu sorunların çözümünde bireyin iş becerisi düzeyinin aracılık durumu ele almaktır. Basit tesadüfi yöntem ve anket tekniği kullanılarak çağrı merkezinde görev yapan 450 işgörenin örneklem olarak seçildiği bu çalışmada 254 kişiden veriler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyini belirlemek için yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmış ve AMOS programından yararlanılmıştır. Böylece modelin geçerliliği, değişkenler arasındaki etki ve ilişki düzeyi ile uyum iyiliği istatistikleri belirtilen hipotezler çerçevesinde ele alınarak tartışılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre evden çalışmanın iş becerikliliği üzerinde %49 oranında etkili olduğu, iş- aile çatışmasının ise bu etkide kısmi aracılık rolü (%47,2) oynadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca iş becerikliliği ile iş-aile çatışması arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin (r= ,357**) olduğu elde edilen diğer bir sonuçtur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• Uzaktan çalışma
• İş kurma
• İş-aile çatışması
• Rol çatışması

Kaynakça

1. Aboobaker, N., Edward, M., & Pramatha, K. P. (2017). Work–family conflict, family–work conflict and intention to leave the organization: evidence across five industry sectors in india. Global Business Review, 18(2), 524-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916668696
2. Ahl, M., & Lundgren, I. (2018). Working with home birth–swedish midwives experiences. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 18, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2018.08.006
3. Ajala, E. M. (2017). Work-family-conflict and family-work-conflict as correlates of job performance among working mothers: implications for industrial social workers. African Journal of Social Work, 7(1), 52-62.
4. Akbaş Tuna, A., & Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12 (3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
5. Akça M, & Küçükoğlu, M. T. (2020). Covıd-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: evden çalışma Uluslararası Yönetim Eğitim ve Ekonomik Perspektifler Dergisi, 8(1), 71-81.
6. Akca, M. (2020). İş-aile çatışması, yabancılaşma ve psikolojik belirtiler: lojistik işletmesi çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(02), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.641612
7. Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.278
8. Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022170

9. Avci, M., & Yavuz, E. (2020). Çalışanların esnek çalışma düzenlemelerine yönelik tutumlarının işe devamsızlık algıları üzerindeki etkileri: Kamu kurumlarında bir alan araştırması. Journal of Administrative Sciences 18(35). https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.510842
10. Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., & De Vries, J. D. (2020). Job crafting and playful work design: links with performance during busy and quiet days. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 122, 103478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103478
11. Bakker, A.B. (2014). Daily Fluctuations in work engagement: an overview and current directions. European Psychologist, 19(4), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016- 9040/a000160
12. Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands–resources theory. in p.y. chen & c.l. cooper (eds.), wellbeing: a complete reference guide (Vol. III, 37–64). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019
13. Bellmann, L. and Hübler, O. (2021), Working from home, job satisfaction and work–life balance – robust or heterogeneous links? International Journal of Manpower, 42 (3), 424-441. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2019-0458
14. Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2008). What is job crafting and why does it matter. Retrieved form the website of Positive Organizational Scholarship on April 15, 2011.
15. Brewis, J. (2020). The health and socioeconomic impact on menopausal women of working from home. Case Reports in Women's Health, 27.
16. Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidemensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
17. Chadee, D., Ren, S., & Tang, G. (2020). Is digital technology the magic bullet for performing work at home? lessons learned for post covid-19 recovery in hospitality management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102718
18. Choo, J. L. M., Desa, N. M., & Asaari, M. H. A. H. (2016). Flexible working arrangement toward organizational commitment and work-family conflict. Studies in Asian Social Science, 3(1), 21-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v3n1p21
19. Collins, A.M., Hislop, D. &Cartwright, S. (2016). Social support in the workplace between teleworkers, office-based colleagues and supervisors, New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12065 Cornelisse, M. A., van Zyl, L. E., Le Blanc, P. M., Rispens, S., & Jongerius, M. (2021). Job Characteristics, Work-Life Balance, Job Motivation and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Job Crafting and Strengths Use (Doctoral dissertation, Master’s dissertation. Eindhoven: Eindhoven University of Technology).
20. Dalgıç, A., & Türkoğlu, N. (2018). Otel çalışanlarının iş becerikliliği ve polikronisite eğilimlerinin işten ayrılma niyetleri üzerine etkisi. In 2nd International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Scientific Studies, 787-794
21. De Beer, L. T., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2016). Job crafting and its impact on work engagement and job satisfaction in mining and manufacturing. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 19(3), 400-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2222-3436/2016/v19n3a7
22. De Clercq, D., Haq, I. U., & Butt, A. A. (2020). Experiencing conflict, feeling satisfied, being engaged: limiting the detrimental effects of work–family conflict on job performance. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.18
23. De Vries, H., Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2019). The benefits of teleworking in the public sector: reality or rhetoric? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(4), 570-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18760124
24. Demerouti, E. (2014). Design your own job through job crafting. European Psychologist, 19, 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000188
25. Demsky, C. A., Ellis, A. M., & Fritz, C. (2014). Shrugging it off: does psychological detachment from work mediate the relationship between workplace aggression and work-family conflict? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035448
26. Dettmers, J. (2017). How extended work availability affects well-being: the mediating roles of psychological detachment and work-family-conflict. Work and Stress, 31(1), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1298164.
27. Dingel, J. I., & Neiman, B. (2020). How many jobs can be done at home? Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104235
28. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). personal initiative at work: differences between east and west germany. Academy of Management journal, 39(1), 37-63. https://doi.org/10.5465/256630
29. Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., & Lazar, S. W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: an integrative review. Journal of management, 42(1), 114-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
30. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
31. Hildingsson, I., Westlund, K., & Wiklund, I. (2013). Burnout in swedish midwives. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 4(3), 87-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2013.07.001
32. Hoffman, K. E., Garner, D., Koong, A. C., & Woodward, W. A. (2020). Understanding the intersection of working from home and burnout to optimize post-covid19 work arrangements in radiation oncology. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,. 108(2): 370–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.062
33. Ingusci, E., Callea, A., Chirumbolo, A., & Urbini, F. (2016). Job crafting and job satisfaction in a sample of italian teachers: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(4), 675-687.
34. Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Giancaspro, M. L., Manuti, A., Molino, M., Russo, V., & Cortese, C. G. (2021). Workload, techno overload, and behavioral stress during COVID-19 emergency: The role of job crafting in remote workers. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 655148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042146
35. International Labour Office (2016). Challenges and opportunities of teleworking for workers and employers in the icts and financial services sectors: issues paper for the global dialogue forum on the challenges and opportunities of teleworking for workers and employers in the icts and financial services sectors (Geneva, 24–26 October 2016).
36. Javadian, G., Awotoye, Y., & Kpekpena, I. (2019, July). Work from home and organizational commitment: the sequential mediation of job stress and satisfaction. In Academy of Management Proceedings (1), 11243). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.11243abstract
37. Jones, E., Chonko, L., Rangarajan, D., & Roberts, J. (2007). The role of overload on job attitudes, turnover intentions, and salesperson performance. Journal of Business Research, 60(7), 663-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.014
38. Jostell, D. &Hemlin, S. (2018), After hours teleworking and boundary management: effects on work-life conflict, Work, 60 (3), 475-483.
39. Karadeniz, E., Koşan, L., & Geçgin, E. (2018). Kobi kapsamındaki otel işletmelerinin finansal sorunları: kars ve erzurum illerinde bir araştırma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15(2), 302-319. https://doi.org/10.24010/soid.453163
40. Karlankuş, N., & Eser, B. (2023). Covid-19 Döneminde Evden Çalışmanın Kadın Çalışanların İş-Yaşam Dengesine Etkisi: Trabzon İli Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 9(2), 347-366. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.1351541
41. Kexian, L., Tingting, Y., & Qu, S. (2020). Relationships between sleep quality, mindfulness and work-family conflict in chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study. Applied Nursing Research, 151250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151250
42. Kilicaslan-Gokoglu, S., & Genc, H. F. (2023). The Interplay Between Cognitive Flexibility, Emotion Regulation, and Work-Life Balance: Exploring the Mediating Effect of Job Crafting. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 13(1), 443-476.
43. Knight, C., Tims, M., Gawke, J., & Parker, S. K. (2020). When do job crafting interventions work? the moderating roles of workload, intervention intensity, and participation. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 103522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103522
44. Kulik, C. T., Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (1987). Work design as an approach to person-environment fit. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 31(3), 278-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90044-3
45. LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: an explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of management journal, 48(5), 764-775. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.18803921
46. Liu, L., Wan, W., & Fan, Q. (2021). How and when telework improves job performance during COVID-19? Job crafting as mediator and performance goal orientation as moderator. Psychology research and behavior management, 2181-2195.
47. Mary, M. A. J., & Ramesh, V. (2020). An empirical study on the effect of work/family conflict to work-life integration (WLI). Materials Today: Proceedings. 37(2), 2279-2283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.721
48. Masuda, A. D., Poelmans, S. A., Allen, T. D., Spector, P. E., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., & Lu, L. (2012). Flexible work arrangements availability and their relationship with work‐to‐family conflict, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: a comparison of three country clusters. Applied Psychology, 61(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00453.x
49. McKibbin, W., & Roshen, F. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of covid-19: seven scenarios (cama working paper 19/2020). australian national university. https://www.brookings.edu/research/. https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00796
50. Mudrak, J., Zabrodska, K., Kveton, P., Jelinek, M., Blatny, M., Solcova, I., & Machovcova, K. (2018). Occupational well-being among university faculty: a job demands-resources model. Research in Higher Education, 59, 325–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9467-x
51. Mumu, J. R., Tahmid, T., & Azad, M. A. K. (2020). Job satisfaction and intention to quit: a bibliometric review of work-family conflict and research agenda. Applied Nursing Research, 151334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2020.151334
52. Mustajab, D., Bauw, A., Rasyid, A., Irawan, A., Akbar, M. A., & Hamid, M. A. (2020). Working from home phenomenon as an effortto prevent covid-19 attack sandıts impacts on work productivity. The International Journal of Applied Business, 4(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.20473/tijab.V4.I1.2020.13-21
53. Nagarajan, R., Swamy, R. A., Reio, T. G., Elangovan, R., & Parayitam, S. (2022). The COVID-19 impact on employee performance and satisfaction: A moderated moderated-mediation conditional model of job crafting and employee engagement. Human Resource Development International, 25(5), 600-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2022.2103786
54. Niessen, C., Weseler, D., & Kostova, P. (2016). When and why do individuals craft their jobs? the role of individual motivation and work characteristics for job Crafting. Human Relations, 69 (6), 1287-1313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715610642
55. Noonan, M.C. & Glass, J.L. (2012), The hard truth about telecommuting, Monthly Labor Review, (135), 38-45.
56. Oldham, G. R., & Hackman, J. R. (2010). Not what it was and not what it will be: the future of job design research. Journal of organizational behavior, 31(2‐3), 463-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.678
57. Oprea, B., & Iliescu, D. (2015). Burnout and job insecurity: the mediating role of job crafting. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 13(2), 232-244.
58. Öztürkoğlu, Y. (2013). Tüm yönleriyle esnek çalışma modelleri. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 1 (1), 109-129
59. Palumbo, R. (2020). Let me go to the office! an investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 33(6-7), 771–790. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2020-0150
60. Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C. A. (2001). Type of employment, work–family conflict and well‐being: a comparative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.102
61. Pijpker, R., Kerksieck, P., Tušl, M., De Bloom, J., Brauchli, R., & Bauer, G. F. (2022). The role of off-job crafting in burnout prevention during COVID-19 crisis: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655148
62. Ru Hsu, Y. (2011), Work‐family conflict and job satisfaction in stressful working environments: the moderating roles of perceived supervisor support and internal locus of control, International Journal of Manpower, 32 (2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111130224
63. Saltiel, F. (2020). Who can work from home in developing countries? Covid Economics, 7, 104-118.
64. Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25 (3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
65. Schieman, S., & Narisada, A. (2021). A less objectionable greed? work-life conflict and unjust pay during a pandemic. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 71, 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100564
66. Seinsche, L., Schubin, K., Neumann, J., & Pfaff, H. (2023). Do I want to work from home today? Specific job crafting strategies of public service employees working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1183812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1183812
67. Taboroši, S., Strukan, E., Poštin, J., Konjikušić, M., & Nikolić, M. (2020). Organizational commitment and trust at work by remote employees. Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness, 10(1), 48-60.
68. Tadić, M., Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. (2015). Challenge versus hindrance job demands and well‐being: a diary study on the moderating role of job resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(4), 702-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12094
69. Thomas, E. C., Thomas, K. G., & Du Plessis, M. (2020). An evaluation of job crafting as an intervention aimed at improving work engagement. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 46(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1703
70. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.009
71. Toniolo-Barrios, M., & Pitt, L. (2021). Mindfulness and the challenges of working from home in times of crisis. Business Horizons. 64 (2) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.09.004
72. Turhan, I., & Demirbilek, S. (2022). Covid-19 Salgini Sürecinde Evden Çalişma İle İş-Aile Yaşami Dengesi Etkileşiminin Tükenmişlik Bağlaminda İncelenmesi. SSD Journal, 7(34), 312-345.
73. Vara-Horna, A. A., & Espinosa-Domínguez, A. G. (2023). COVID-19 disruption and meaningful work: The mediating role of family–work conflict. Administrative Sciences, 13(3), 87.
74. Vignoli, M., Muschalla, B., & Mariani, M.G. (2017). Workplace phobic anxiety as a mental health phenomenon in the job demands-resources model. BioMed Research International, 2017, 3285092, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155 /2017/3285092
75. Waizenegger L., McKenna B., Cai W. & Bendz T. (2020). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during COVID-19, European Journal of Information Systems, 29:4, 429-442, https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1800417
76. Walker, P. G., Whittaker, C., Watson, O. J., Baguelin, M., Winskill, P., Hamlet, A., & Ghani, A. C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigation and suppression in low-and middle-income countries. Science, 369(6502), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.25561/77735
77. Wang, Y.-C., Ryan, B., Yang, C.-E., (2019). Employee brand love and love behaviors: perspectives of social exchange and rational choice. Int. J. Hospitality Manage. 77, 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.08.009
78. Wijayati, D. T., Kautsar, A., & Karwanto, K. (2020). Emotional intelligence, work family conflict, and job satisfaction on junior high school teacher's performance. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(1), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n1p179
79. Xia, N., Zhong, R., Wang, X., & Tiong, R. (2018). Cross-domain negative effect of work-family conflict on project citizenship behavior: study on chinese project managers. International journal of project management, 36(3), 512-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.11.005
80. Xu, S., Wang, Y. C., Ma, E., & Wang, R. (2020). Hotel employees’ fun climate at work: effects on work-family conflict and employee deep acting through a collectivistic perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102666
81. Zainal, N., Zawawi, D., Aziz, Y. A., & Ali, M. H. (2020). Work-family conflict and job performance: moderating effect of social support among employees in malaysian service sector. International Journal of Business and Society, 21(1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3224.2020
82. Zhang, M., Griffeth, R., & Fried, D. D. (2012). Work-family conflict and individual consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(7), 696–713. DOI 10.1108/02683941211259520
83. Zhang, M., Wang, F., & Das, A. K. (2020). Work–family conflict on sustainable creative performance: job crafting as a mediator. Sustainability, 12 (19), 8004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198004
84. Zhou, S., Li, X., & Gao, B. (2020b). Family/friends support, work-family conflict, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in young preschool teachers in China: a serial mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 104997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104997
85. Zhou, Z. E., Eatough, E. M., & Che, X. X. (2020a). Effect of illegitimate tasks on work-to-family conflict through psychological detachment: passive leadership as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 121, 103463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103463
86. Zito, M., Colombo, L., Borgogni, L., Callea, A., Cenciotti, R., Ingusci, E., & Cortese, C. G. (2019). the nature of job crafting: positive and negative relations with job satisfaction and work-family conflict. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16 (7), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071176