Araştırma Makalesi
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ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ

Yıl 2021, , 498 - 518, 29.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.983903

Öz

Karşılıklılık teorisi ve sosyal değişim teorisine göre organizasyonlarda, çalışanların algıladıkları destek, çalışanların örgütsel özdeşlemelerini ve iş performanslarını etkilemektedir. Bu araştırmada belirtilen kavramlar arasındaki ilişkiler genelinde; algılanan örgütsel desteğin iş performansı ve örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Aynı zamanda örgütsel özdeşlemenin algılanan örgütsel destek ile iş performansı arasındaki aracılık etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile Gaziantep Organize Sanayi Bölgesi’ndeki 397 tekstil sektörü çalışanından elde edilen veriler ile belirtilen kavramların analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma modeli yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yöntemlerinden birisi olan PLS-SEM yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilmiş ve bu kapsamda öneriler sunulmuştur. Bulgular, algılanan örgütsel desteğin örgütsel özdeşleşmeyi ve iş performansını olumlu ve anlamlı olarak etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Algılanan örgütsel özdeşleşmenin iş performansı üzerinde olumlu etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda algılanan örgütsel desteğin örgütsel özdeşleşme aracılığıyla iş performansı üzerinde olumlu etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak araştırma sonucunda ulaşılan bulgular ışığında algılanan örgütsel desteğe ilişkin değerlendirme ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akkoç, İ., Çalişkan, A., & Turunç, Ö. (2012). Örgütlerde gelişim kültürü ve algılanan örgütsel desteğin iş tatmini ve iş performansına etkisi: Güvenin aracılık rolü. Yönetim ve ekonomi: Celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi, 19(1), 105-135.
  • Arshadi, N., & Hayavi, G. (2013). The effect of perceived organizational support on affective commitment and job performance: mediating role of OBSE. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 84, 739-743.
  • Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization,. Academy of management review, 14(1), 20–39. Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of management, 34(3), 325-374.
  • Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: a literature review. Management research & practice, 3(4).
  • Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Waldman, D. A. (2007). The role of perceived organizational performance in organizational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of management studies, 44(6), 972-992.
  • Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International journal of hospitality management, 31(1), 180-190.
  • Chughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2010). Assessing the effects of organizational identification on in‐role job performance and learning behaviour. Personnel review. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees’ adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of business and psychology, 29(2), 269-280.
  • Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin iş gören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş üniversitesi dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
  • Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of management review, 22(1), 20-47.
  • DeConinck, J. B., Moss, H. K., & Deconinck, M. B. (2018). The relationship between servant leadership, perceived organizational support, performance, and turnover among business to business salespeople. Global J management and marketing, 2(1), 38-52.
  • Demirağ, B., Çavuşoğlu, S., & Dağ, K. (2020). Dindarlık, tutum ve davranışsal niyetler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: almanya’daki müslüman tüketicilerin helal gıda etiketli ürünlere yönelik algılarının vab modeli ile incelenmesi. İşletme araştırmaları dergisi, 12(4), 3405-3420.
  • Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative science quarterly, 239-263.
  • Edwards, M. R. (2005). Organizational identification: A conceptual and operational review. International journal of management reviews, 7(4), 207-230.
  • Edwards, M. R. (2009). HR, perceived organisational support and organisational identification: an analysis after organisational formation. Human resource management journal, 19(1), 91-115.
  • Edwards, M. R., & Peccei, R. (2010). Perceived organizational support, organizational identification, and employee outcomes. Journal of personnel psychology.
  • Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 42.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological bulletin, 112(2), 310.
  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 161-178.
  • Jamal, M. (1984). Job stress and job performance controversy: an empirical assessment. Organizational behavior and human performance, 33(1), 1-21.
  • Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of management journal, 42(1), 58-74.
  • Lee, J., & Peccei, R. (2007). Perceived organizational support and affective commitment: the mediating role of organization‐based self‐esteem in the context of job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial. Occupational and organizational psychology and behavior, 28(6), 661-685. Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative science quarterly, 9, 370-390.
  • Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123.
  • Motowidlo, S. J., & Kell, H. J. (2012). Job performance. Handbook of psychology, Second Edition, 12.
  • Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of vocational behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
  • Özgül, B., Erkmen, T., & Karaarslan, E. (2020). Algılanan örgütsel destek ile örgütsel bağlılık ilişkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin aracılık rolü üzerine bir araştırma. Business & management studies: An ınternational journal, 8(5), 4364-4412.
  • Peng, X., Lee, S., & Lu, Z. (2020). Employees' perceived job performance, organizational identification, and pro-environmental behaviors in the hotel industry. International journal of hospitality management, 90, 102632.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 698.
  • Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(5), 825.
  • Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of business research, 62(10), 1027-1030.
  • Shen, Y., Jackson, T., Ding, C., Yuan, D., Zhao, L., Dou, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Linking perceived organizational support with employee work outcomes in a Chinese context: Organizational identification as a mediator. European management journal, 32(3), 406-412.
  • Sigler, T. H., & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of quality management, 5(1), 27-52.
  • Sluss, D. M., Klimchak, M., & Holmes, J. J. (2008). Perceived organizational support as a mediator between relational exchange and organizational identification. Journal of vocational behavior, 73(3), 457-464.
  • Tak, B., & Aydemir, B. A.(2004). Örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerine iki görgül çalışma, 12.Ulusal yönetim ve organizasyon kongresi bildiri kitabı, 27-29 Mayıs 2004, 59-63. Taylor, F. W. (1911). Administración científica. Barcelona: Ediciones Orbis.
  • Turunç, Ö., & Çelik, M. (2010). Çalışanların algıladıkları örgütsel destek ve iş stresinin örgütsel özdeşleşme ve iş performansına etkisi. Yönetim ve ekonomi: Celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi, 17(2), 183-206.
  • Tyler, T. R. (1999). Why people cooperate with organizations: An identity-based perspective. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 21, (201–246).
  • Tyler, T., Degoey, P., & Smith, H. (1996). Understanding why the justice of group procedures matters: A test of the psychological dynamics of the group-value model. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(5), 913.
  • Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2004). The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: Which aspects really matter?. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(2), 171-191.
  • Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2005). Category salience and organizational identification. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 78(2), 273-285. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International journal of selection and assessment, 8(4), 216-226.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTIFICATION IN THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON JOB PERFORMANCE

Yıl 2021, , 498 - 518, 29.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.983903

Öz

According to the reciprocity theory and the social change theory, the perceived support of employees in organizations affects their organizational identification and job performance. In terms of the relations between the concepts mentioned in this research; The effect of perceived organizational support on job performance and organizational identification was tried to be determined. At the same time, it was aimed to determine the mediating effect of organizational identification between perceived organizational support and job performance. Within the scope of the research, the data obtained from 397 textile sector employees in Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone with the convenience sampling method and the analysis of the specified concepts were carried out. The research model was tested with the PLS-SEM method, which is one of the structural equation modeling methods. The findings were evaluated and suggestions were presented in this context. Findings revealed that perceived organizational support positively and significantly affects organizational identification and job performance. It has been determined that perceived organizational identification has a positive effect on job performance. At the same time, a positive effect of perceived organizational support on job performance through organizational identification has been identified. In the light of the findings obtained as a result of the research, evaluations and suggestions were made regarding the perceived organizational support.

Kaynakça

  • Akkoç, İ., Çalişkan, A., & Turunç, Ö. (2012). Örgütlerde gelişim kültürü ve algılanan örgütsel desteğin iş tatmini ve iş performansına etkisi: Güvenin aracılık rolü. Yönetim ve ekonomi: Celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi, 19(1), 105-135.
  • Arshadi, N., & Hayavi, G. (2013). The effect of perceived organizational support on affective commitment and job performance: mediating role of OBSE. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 84, 739-743.
  • Ashforth, B. E. & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization,. Academy of management review, 14(1), 20–39. Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of management, 34(3), 325-374.
  • Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: a literature review. Management research & practice, 3(4).
  • Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Waldman, D. A. (2007). The role of perceived organizational performance in organizational identification, adjustment and job performance. Journal of management studies, 44(6), 972-992.
  • Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International journal of hospitality management, 31(1), 180-190.
  • Chughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2010). Assessing the effects of organizational identification on in‐role job performance and learning behaviour. Personnel review. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees’ adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of business and psychology, 29(2), 269-280.
  • Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin iş gören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş üniversitesi dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
  • Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of management review, 22(1), 20-47.
  • DeConinck, J. B., Moss, H. K., & Deconinck, M. B. (2018). The relationship between servant leadership, perceived organizational support, performance, and turnover among business to business salespeople. Global J management and marketing, 2(1), 38-52.
  • Demirağ, B., Çavuşoğlu, S., & Dağ, K. (2020). Dindarlık, tutum ve davranışsal niyetler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: almanya’daki müslüman tüketicilerin helal gıda etiketli ürünlere yönelik algılarının vab modeli ile incelenmesi. İşletme araştırmaları dergisi, 12(4), 3405-3420.
  • Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative science quarterly, 239-263.
  • Edwards, M. R. (2005). Organizational identification: A conceptual and operational review. International journal of management reviews, 7(4), 207-230.
  • Edwards, M. R. (2009). HR, perceived organisational support and organisational identification: an analysis after organisational formation. Human resource management journal, 19(1), 91-115.
  • Edwards, M. R., & Peccei, R. (2010). Perceived organizational support, organizational identification, and employee outcomes. Journal of personnel psychology.
  • Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(1), 42.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological bulletin, 112(2), 310.
  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 161-178.
  • Jamal, M. (1984). Job stress and job performance controversy: an empirical assessment. Organizational behavior and human performance, 33(1), 1-21.
  • Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of management journal, 42(1), 58-74.
  • Lee, J., & Peccei, R. (2007). Perceived organizational support and affective commitment: the mediating role of organization‐based self‐esteem in the context of job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial. Occupational and organizational psychology and behavior, 28(6), 661-685. Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative science quarterly, 9, 370-390.
  • Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123.
  • Motowidlo, S. J., & Kell, H. J. (2012). Job performance. Handbook of psychology, Second Edition, 12.
  • Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of vocational behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
  • Özgül, B., Erkmen, T., & Karaarslan, E. (2020). Algılanan örgütsel destek ile örgütsel bağlılık ilişkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin aracılık rolü üzerine bir araştırma. Business & management studies: An ınternational journal, 8(5), 4364-4412.
  • Peng, X., Lee, S., & Lu, Z. (2020). Employees' perceived job performance, organizational identification, and pro-environmental behaviors in the hotel industry. International journal of hospitality management, 90, 102632.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 698.
  • Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(5), 825.
  • Riggle, R. J., Edmondson, D. R., & Hansen, J. D. (2009). A meta-analysis of the relationship between perceived organizational support and job outcomes: 20 years of research. Journal of business research, 62(10), 1027-1030.
  • Shen, Y., Jackson, T., Ding, C., Yuan, D., Zhao, L., Dou, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2014). Linking perceived organizational support with employee work outcomes in a Chinese context: Organizational identification as a mediator. European management journal, 32(3), 406-412.
  • Sigler, T. H., & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of quality management, 5(1), 27-52.
  • Sluss, D. M., Klimchak, M., & Holmes, J. J. (2008). Perceived organizational support as a mediator between relational exchange and organizational identification. Journal of vocational behavior, 73(3), 457-464.
  • Tak, B., & Aydemir, B. A.(2004). Örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerine iki görgül çalışma, 12.Ulusal yönetim ve organizasyon kongresi bildiri kitabı, 27-29 Mayıs 2004, 59-63. Taylor, F. W. (1911). Administración científica. Barcelona: Ediciones Orbis.
  • Turunç, Ö., & Çelik, M. (2010). Çalışanların algıladıkları örgütsel destek ve iş stresinin örgütsel özdeşleşme ve iş performansına etkisi. Yönetim ve ekonomi: Celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergisi, 17(2), 183-206.
  • Tyler, T. R. (1999). Why people cooperate with organizations: An identity-based perspective. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 21, (201–246).
  • Tyler, T., Degoey, P., & Smith, H. (1996). Understanding why the justice of group procedures matters: A test of the psychological dynamics of the group-value model. Journal of personality and social psychology, 70(5), 913.
  • Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2004). The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: Which aspects really matter?. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(2), 171-191.
  • Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Stellmacher, J., & Christ, O. (2005). Category salience and organizational identification. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 78(2), 273-285. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International journal of selection and assessment, 8(4), 216-226.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gül Çıkmaz 0000-0002-3973-2984

Sümeyra Ceyhan 0000-0001-5436-2996

Derya Çevik Taşdemir 0000-0002-0006-9652

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıkmaz, G., Ceyhan, S., & Çevik Taşdemir, D. (2021). ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(22), 498-518. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.983903
AMA Çıkmaz G, Ceyhan S, Çevik Taşdemir D. ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Kasım 2021;11(22):498-518. doi:10.53092/duiibfd.983903
Chicago Çıkmaz, Gül, Sümeyra Ceyhan, ve Derya Çevik Taşdemir. “ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sy. 22 (Kasım 2021): 498-518. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.983903.
EndNote Çıkmaz G, Ceyhan S, Çevik Taşdemir D (01 Kasım 2021) ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 11 22 498–518.
IEEE G. Çıkmaz, S. Ceyhan, ve D. Çevik Taşdemir, “ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ”, Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 22, ss. 498–518, 2021, doi: 10.53092/duiibfd.983903.
ISNAD Çıkmaz, Gül vd. “ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 11/22 (Kasım 2021), 498-518. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.983903.
JAMA Çıkmaz G, Ceyhan S, Çevik Taşdemir D. ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;11:498–518.
MLA Çıkmaz, Gül vd. “ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 22, 2021, ss. 498-1, doi:10.53092/duiibfd.983903.
Vancouver Çıkmaz G, Ceyhan S, Çevik Taşdemir D. ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN, İŞ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL ÖZDEŞLEŞMENİN ARACILIK ROLÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;11(22):498-51.

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