A CONCEPTUAL EVALUATION ON EARLY INTERNATIONALIZATION

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 456 - 480, 28.05.2022

Onur Sarıkaya

https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1030593

Öz

The aim of this study is to make a conceptual evaluation that will form a general framework on what the concept of early internationalization means, what elements it is related to and how it is investigated by researchers. In this context, an international literature-oriented review was carried out. The results of the study show that the concept of early internationalization is considered together with many concepts such as manager/founder-oriented characteristics, networks, cultural influences, government policies, firm size, technology/R&D intensity, niche positioning of the job, flexibility, and exchangeability of resources. In addition, according to the studies, the phenomenon of early internationalization can positively affect many factors related to companies and can often give positive outputs for companies. In recent years, it has been seen that many entrepreneurial firms have internationalized early despite their limitations, and this situation increases the importance of examining the related concept. With this study, it is anticipated that the understanding of this important concept, which has been overlooked in the domestic literature, can be improved and contribute to new research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

International Business, Early Internationalization, Review

ERKEN ULUSLARARASILAŞMA OLGUSUNA İLİŞKİN KAVRAMSAL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, erken uluslararasılaşma kavramının neyi ifade ettiği, hangi unsurlarla ilişkili olduğu ve araştırmacılar tarafından nasıl ele alındığı gibi konularda genel bir çerçeve oluşturacak kavramsal bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Bu doğrultuda, yabancı literatür odaklı bir inceleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. İnceleme sonuçları, erken uluslararasılaşma kavramının yönetici/kurucuya yönelik özellikler, ağlar, kültürel etkiler, devlet politikaları, firma büyüklüğü, teknoloji/ar-ge yoğunluğu, işin niş konumlandırılması, kaynakların esnekliği ve takas edilebilirliği gibi birçok kavramla birlikte ele alındığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, yapılan incelemelere göre erken uluslararasılaşma olgusu firmalara ilişkin birçok unsuru olumlu etkileyebilmekte ve firmalar için çoğu zaman olumlu sonuçlar verebilmektedir. Son yıllarda çok sayıda girişimci firmanın sınırlılıklarına rağmen erken uluslararasılaştıkları görülmekte, bu durum ise ilgili kavramın incelenmesini önemini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmayla, özellikle yerli literatürde göz ardı edilmiş bu önemli kavrama ilişkin anlayışın geliştirilebileceği ve yeni araştırmalar için katkı sağlanabileceği öngörülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası İşletmecilik, Erken Uluslararasılaşma, Derleme

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, F. U., & Brennan, L. (2019). An institution-based view of firms’ early internationalization. International marketing review, 36(6), 911-954.
• Amoros, J. E., Basco, R., & Romani, G. (2016). Determinants of early internationalization of new firms: The case of Chile. International entrepreneurship and management journal, 12(1), 283-307.
• Bilkey, W. J., & Tesar, G. (1977). The export behavior of smaller-sized Wisconsin manufacturing SMEs. Journal of international business studies, 8(1), 93-97.
• Ciravegna, L., Kuivalainen, O., Kundu, S. K., & Lopez, L. E. (2018). The antecedents of early internationalization: A configurational perspective. International business review, 27(6), 1200-1212.
• De Clercq, D., Sapienza, H. J., Yavuz, R. I., & Zhou, L. (2012). Learning and knowledge in early internationalization research: Past accomplishments and future directions. Journal of business venturing, 27(1), 143-165.
• Gawel, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation in explaining the early internationalization of companies. Problemy zarzadzania-management issues, 13(4), 55-67.
• Isidor, R., Schwens, C., & Kabst, R. (2011). Human resource management and early internationalization: Is there a leap-frogging in international staffing?. International journal of human resource management, 22(10), 2167-2184.
• Jiang, G., Kotabe, M., Hamilton, R. D., & Smith, S. W. (2016). Early internationalization and the role of immigration in new venture survival. International business review, 25(6), 1285-1296.
• Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments, Journal of international business studies, 8(1), 23-32.
• Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (1990). The mechanism of internationalisation. International marketing review, 7(4), 11-24.
• Lamotte, O., & Colovic, A. (2015). Early internationalization of new ventures from emerging countries: The case of transition economies. Management, 18(1), 8-30.
• Li, L., Qian, G., & Qian, Z. (2012). Early internationalization and performance of small high-tech "born-globals. International marketing review, 29(5), 536-561.
• Lobo, C. A. & Maldonado, I. (2017). Early internationalization - The importance of skills and relational networks. INTED proceedings, Spain, 2175-2183.
• Mostafiz, M. I., Sambasivan, M., & Goh, S. K. (1959). Measurement scale of international opportunity identification in early internationalization firms. Asia-pacific journal of business administration, 11(2), 131-145.
• Musteen, M., Datta, D. K., & Francis, J. (2014). Early internationalization by firms in transition economies into developed markets: The role of international networks. Global strategy journal, 4(3), 221-237.
• Oviatt, B., & McDougall, P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of international business studies, 25(1), 45-64.
• Qian, G., Li, L., & Qian, Z. (2018). Interactions among factors driving and inhibiting the early internationalization of small, young technology enterprises. Management international review, 58(2), 251-280.
• Ricard, A., & Saiyed, A. A. (2015). Attitude toward internationalization and early internationalization: Comparison of Indian and French SMEs' decision makers. Management, 18(1), 54-77.
• Santhosh, C. (2019). Impact of determinants on early internationalization: An exploratory study of Indian engineering SMEs. Journal of engineering design and technology, 17(5), 1018-1034.
• Sapienza, H. J., Autio, H., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2006). A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of management review, 31(4), 914-933.
• Sekliuckiene, J. (2017). Factors leading to early internationalization in emerging Central and Eastern European economies: Empirical evidence from new ventures in Lithuania. European business review, 29(2), 219-242.
• Sekliuckiene, J., Jarosinski, M., & Kozma, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial level factors of early internationalization: A cross country comparison. Inzinerine ekonomika-engineering economics, 30(2), 223-235.
• Vaillant, Y., Lafuente, E., & Bayon, M. C. (2019). Early internationalization patterns and export market persistence: A pseudo-panel data analysis. Small business economics, 53(3), 669-686.
• Woo, H. (2019). The effect of CEO compensation structure on the early internationalization of newly public firms. International journal of human resource management, 30(12), 1977-1996.
• Yavuz, R. I., H. Sapienza, & Y. Chu. (2016). Resource flexibility, early ınternationalization and performance. In U. Hytti, R. Blackburn, D. Fletcher and F. Welter (Eds.). Entrepreneurship, Universities & Resources: Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research, (ss. 70-93). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Zhang, M. Y., & Dodgson, M. (2007). A roasted duck can still fly away: A case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalization of the firm. Journal of world business, 42(3), 336-349.
• Zhou, L. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization. Journal of world business, 42(3), 281-293.
• Zhou, L., Wu, A., & Barnes, B. R. (2012). The effects of early internationalization on performance outcomes in young international ventures: The mediating role of marketing capabilities. Journal of ınternational marketing, 20(4), 25-45.
• Zucchella, A., Palamara, G., & Denicolai, S. (2007). The drivers of the early internationalization of the firm. Journal of world business, 42(3), 268-280.