Erkek Milli Krosçularda Aerobik Güç Gelişiminin Bazı Performans Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sekiz haftalık aerobik güç geliştirme antrenman programının erkek milli krosçularda bazı performans parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışma, tek gruplu yarı deneysel desenle (ön test–son test modeli) yürütülmüştür. Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu bünyesinde aktif olarak yarışan 14 erkek milli krosçu araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Sporculara sekiz hafta süresince haftada dört gün, açık hava koşulları altında planlı bir aerobik güç geliştirme programı uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılara antrenman öncesi ve sonrası anaerobik güç (Wingate), sprint (30 m), denge (statik ve dinamik) ve sıçrama (yatay ve dikey) testleri uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Bağımlı Gruplar t-testi kullanılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, uygulanan program sporcuların anaerobik güç, denge ve sıçrama performanslarında anlamlı artışlara neden olurken; sprint performansı ve statik çift ayak dengesi üzerinde anlamlı değişim oluşturmamıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, aerobik temelli yüklenmelerin sadece dayanıklılık kapasitesini değil, nöromüsküler koordinasyon ve kas dayanıklılığı gibi motorik özellikleri de geliştirebileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak sprint performansında anlamlı gelişim için anaerobik veya pliometrik antrenmanlarla desteklenmiş kombine programların daha etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerobik güç
• Kros
• Dayanıklılık antrenmanı

The Effects of Aerobic Training on Selected Performance Parameters in Male National Cross-Country Athletes

Öz

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an eight-week moderate-intensity aerobic endurance training program on selected performance parameters in male national-level cross-country runners. Fourteen male athletes participated in the study, which was conducted using a single-group pre-test–post-test experimental design. The training program was performed three times per week and consisted of continuous aerobic exercises at moderate intensity. Performance assessments included anaerobic power (Wingate test), 30 m sprint performance, horizontal and vertical jump performance, and static and dynamic balance measurements. Descriptive statistics and paired-samples t-tests were used for data analysis. The findings revealed statistically significant pre-test to post-test differences in anaerobic power, horizontal and vertical jump performance, and dynamic balance parameters following the training period. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in 30 m sprint performance or static double-leg balance measurements. Limited changes were noted in static single-leg balance outcomes. In conclusion, moderate-intensity aerobic endurance training may be associated with indirect or secondary changes in certain performance-related parameters that are not directly targeted by the applied training stimulus. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, without causal inference, and within the methodological limitations of the single-group design. Future studies employing controlled designs and targeted training interventions are recommended to further clarify the underlying mechanisms of performance adaptations in endurance athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerobic endurance training
• Cross-country running
• Performance parameters
• Jump performance
• Dynamic balance

Kaynakça

1. An, J., Su, Z., & Meng, S. (2024). Effect of aerobic training versus resistance training for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in middle-aged to older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 126, Article 105530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2024.105530
2. Arslantürk, G., Coşkun, B., Koç, M., Aras, D., & Hazır, T. (2025). Correlation between dynamic inspiratory muscle strength and some variables associated with aerobic capacity. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 30(2), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1659857
3. Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports medicine, 4(6), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001
4. Barrio, E. D., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Garcia de Alcaraz Serrano, A., & RaquelHernandez-Garcia, R. (2022). Effects of core training on dynamic balance stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(16), 1815-1823. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2110203
5. Blasco, J. M., Domínguez-Navarro, F., Tolsada-Velasco, C., de-Borja-Fuentes, I., Costa-Moreno, E., García-Gomáriz, C., Chiva-Miralles, M. J., Roig-Casasús, S., & Hernández-Guillen, D. (2024). The effects of suspension training on dynamic, static balance, and stability: An interventional study. Medicina, 60(1), Article 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010047
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (19. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
7. Castañeda-Babarro, A. (2021). The wingate anaerobic test, a narrative review of the protocol variables that affect the results obtained. Applied Sciences, 11(16), Article 7417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167417
8. Edouard, P., Lahti, J., Nagahara, R., Samozino, P., Navarro, L., Guex, K., Rossi, J., Brughelli, M., Mendiguchia, J., & Morin, J.-B. (2021). Low horizontal force production capacity during sprinting as a potential risk factor of hamstring injury in football. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), Article 7827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157827

9. Falk Neto, J. H., Boulé, N., Jones, K. E., Comeau, A. K., & Kennedy, M. D. (2024). The intra-day and inter-day reliability of a 6-second wingate to determine maximal peak power in endurance-trained athletes. Plos One, 19(9), Article e0307325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307325
10. Feng, W., Wang, F., Han, Y., & Li, G. (2024). The effect of 12-week core strength training on dynamic balance, agility, and dribbling skill in adolescent basketball players. Heliyon, 10(6), Article e27544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27544
11. Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
12. Gebel, A., Lesinski, M., Behm, D. G., & Granacher, U. (2018). Effects and dose–response relationship of balance training on balance performance in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(9), 2067-2089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0926-0
13. Glatthorn, J. F., Gouge, S., Nussbaumer, S., Stauffacher, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2011). Validity and reliability of Optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 25(2), 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ccb18d
14. Haugen, T., & Buchheit, M. (2016). Sprint running performance monitoring: methodological and practical considerations. Sports Medicine, 46(5), 641-656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0446-0
15. Haugen, T., Seiler, S., Sandbakk, Ø., & Tønnessen, E. (2019). The training and development of elite sprint performance: an integration of scientific and best practice literature. Sports Medicine-Open, 5(1), Article 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0221-0
16. Huiberts, R. O., Wüst, R. C., & van der Zwaard, S. (2024). Concurrent strength and endurance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of sex and training status. Sports Medicine, 54(2), 485-503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01943-9
17. IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0) [Computer software]. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
18. Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., & Skinner, J. S. (1996). The wingate anaerobic test. Human Kinetics.
19. Julio, U. F., Panissa, V. L., Cury, R. L., Agostinho, M. F., Esteves, J. V., & Franchini, E. (2019). Energy system contributions in upper and lower body wingate tests in highly trained athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(2), 244-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1576839
20. Kabir, M. S., Ilham, I., Yadav, S., & Geantă, V. A. (2025). Un estudio longitudinal de 12 meses sobre el entrenamiento aeróbico versus anaeróbico: efectos en la composición corporal y el rendimiento atlético. Retos, 68, 905-916. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.110454
21. Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel arastirma yontemi: Kavramlar-ilkeler-teknikler. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
22. Karvonen, M. J., Kentala, E., & Mustala, O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate; A longitudinal study. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae, 35(3), 307–315.
23. Li, C., Chen, L., & Zhang, Q. (2025). Effects of resisted sprint training on sprint, jump, and change-of-direction performance in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, Article 1711992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1711992
24. Loturco, I., Kobal, R., Maldonado, T., Piazza, A. F., Bottino, A., Kitamura, K., Abad, C. C. C., Pereira, L. A., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2017). Jump squat is more related to sprinting and jumping abilities than Olympic push press. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(08), 604-612. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1565201
25. Ma, X., Cao, Z., Zhu, Z., Chen, X., Wen, D., & Cao, Z. (2023). VO2max (VO2peak) in elite athletes under high-intensity interval training: A meta-analysis. Heliyon, 9(6). Article e16663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16663
26. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., & Cardinale, M. (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 18(3), 551-555. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200408000-00028
27. Muehlbauer, T., Brueckner, D., & Schedler, S. (2022). Effect of practice on learning a balance task in children, adolescents, and young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 989645. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989645
28. Nhan, K. (2023). The effects of acute isometric handgrip exercise on cognitive function in young adults (Doctoral dissertation, McMaster University). MacSphere. https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/items/3754f0a2-748a-49cc-ac15-c9d0243249d5
29. Paillard, T. (2019). Relationship between sport expertise and postural skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01428
30. Paillard, T., & Noé, F. (2015). Techniques and methods for testing the postural function in healthy and pathological subjects. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article 891390. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/891390
31. Rizzato, A., Paoli, A., & Marcolin, G. (2025). Exploring the relationship between static and dynamic balance performance through the same center-of-pressure parameters. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17, Article 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01251-x
32. Rodríguez-Barbero, S., González-Ravé, J. M., Vanwanseele, B., Juarez Santos-Garcia, D., Muñoz de la Cruz, V., & González-Mohíno, F. (2025). Effects of 20 weeks of endurance and strength training on running economy, maximal aerobic speed, and gait kinematics in trained runners. Applied Sciences, 15(2), Article 903. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020903
33. Rosenblat, M. A., Watt, J. A., Arnold, J. I., Treff, G., Sandbakk, Ø. B., Esteve-Lanao, J., Festa, L., Filipas, L., Galloway, S. D., Muñoz, I., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Schneeweiss, P., Sellés-Pérez, S., Stöggl, T., Talsnes, R. K., Zinner, C., & Seiler, S. (2025). Which training intensity distribution intervention will produce the greatest improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and time-trial performance in endurance athletes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Sports Medicine, 55(3), 655-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02149-3
34. Salazar-Orellana, C., Alarcón-Rivera, M., Muñoz-Pereira, B., Salazar-Méndez, J., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Carrasco-Alarcón, V., & Valdes-Badilla, P. (2025). Effects of resisted sled training on sprint performance in team sports. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 42, 302-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.12.032
35. Schumann, M., Feuerbacher, J. F., Sünkeler, M., Freitag, N., Rønnestad, B. R., Doma, K., & Lundberg, T. R. (2022). Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(3), 601-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7 Stöggl, T., & Holmberg, H. C. (2022). A systematic review of the effects of strength and power training on performance in cross-country skiers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 21(4), Article 555-579. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2022.555
36. Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419-1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0
37. Wang, L., Yang, N., Huang, X., Yang, L., Majumder, R., & Wei, F. (2024, August). Improving text embeddings with large language models. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) (pp. 11897-11916). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.642.pdf
38. Zemková, E., Amiri, B., Horníková, H., & Zapletalová, L. (2024). Potential neurophysiological and biomechanical risk factors for sport-related back problems: a scoping review. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 6(2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2023.12.006
39. Zheng, H., Han, F., Huang, Y., Wu, Y., & Wu, X. (2025). Factors influencing behavioral intention to use e-learning in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analytic review based on the UTAUT2 model. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 12015-12053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13299-2