Investigation of the adsorption performance of aqueous solution of malachite green dye on kaolin clay

Abstract

In this study, the removal of Malachite green (MG) dye, which has a toxic effect on the aquatic ecosystem, was carried out with kaolin clay, a natural and inexpensive material. In batch adsorption tests, the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and contact time were determined. Also, Pseudo first order and Pseudo second order kinetic models and Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were tested. On the other hand, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes of raw and MG-loaded kaolin clay were performed. According to the results obtained, the most suitable kinetic and isotherm models were determined as Pseudo second order (R2: 0.999) and Freundlich (R2: 0.983), respectively. Additionally, the amount of MG dye removed per unit kaolin (qmax) was calculated as 16.36 mgMG/gkaolin. This study reveals the suitability of using kaolin clay in the adsorption of MG dye.

Keywords

• Adsorption
• malachite green
• wastewater treatment
• kinetics
• isotherm

Malachite green boyasının sulu çözeltisinin kaolin kili üzerine adsorpsiyon performansının araştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada sucul ekosistem için toksik etkiye sahip olan Malachite green (MG) boyasının giderimi doğal ve ucuz bir malzeme olan kaolin kili ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kesikli adsorbsiyon testlerinde pH, adsorbent dozu, başlangıç boya derişimi ve temas süresinin etkileri tespit edilmiş ve Pseudo first order ve Pseudo second order kinetik modelleri ile Freundlich, Langmuir ve Temkin izoterm modelleri test edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan ham ve MG yüklü kaolin kilinin scanning electron microscope (SEM) ve fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en uygun kinetik ve izoterm modeli sırasıyla Pseudo second order (R2:0,999) ve Freundlich (R2: 0,983) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca birim kaolin başına giderilen MG boyası miktarı (qmax) 16,36 mgMG/gkaolin olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışma MG boyasının adsorbsiyonunda kaolin kilinin kullanımının uygunluğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adsorption
• malachite green
• wastewater treatment
• kinetics
• isotherm

Kaynakça

1. [1] S. Dawood and T. K. Sen, “Review on Dye Removal from Its Aqueous Solution into Alternative Cost Effective and Non-Conventional Adsorbents,” Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 1–11, 2014.
2. [2] E. Bulut, M. Özacar, and İ. A. Şengil, “Adsorption of malachite green onto bentonite: Equilibrium and kinetic studies and process design,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 234–246, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.01.039.
3. [3] H. Tang, W. Zhou, and L. Zhang, “Adsorption isotherms and kinetics studies of malachite green on chitin hydrogels,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 209–210, pp. 218–225, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.010.
4. [4] S. Arellano-Cárdenas, S. López-Cortez, M. Cornejo-Mazón, and J. C. Mares-Gutiérrez, “Study of malachite green adsorption by organically modified clay using a batch method,” Appl Surf Sci, vol. 280, pp. 74–78, Sep. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.097.
5. [5] A. S. Eltaweil, H. Ali Mohamed, E. M. Abd El-Monaem, and G. M. El-Subruiti, “Mesoporous magnetic biochar composite for enhanced adsorption of malachite green dye: Characterization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherms,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1253–1263, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.005.
6. [6] N. Y. Donkadokula, A. K. Kola, I. Naz, and D. Saroj, “A review on advanced physico-chemical and biological textile dye wastewater treatment techniques,” Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 543–560, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11157-020-09543-z.
7. [7] H. M. Solayman et al., “Performance evaluation of dye wastewater treatment technologies: A review,” J Environ Chem Eng, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 109610, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.109610.
8. [8] H. Çelebi, İ. Bilican, İ. Şimşek, T. Bahadır, and Ş. Tulun, “Sentetik Atıksulardan Reaktif Sari 145 Boyasının Uzaklaştırılması: Yer Fıstığı Kabuklarının Adsorban Olarak Değerlendirilmesi,” Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 190–204, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.21923/jesd.1445574.

9. [9] M. Farahani, S. R. S. Abdullah, S. Hosseini, S. Shojaeipour, and M. Kashisaz, “Adsorption-based Cationic Dyes using the Carbon Active Sugarcane Bagasse,” Procedia Environ Sci, vol. 10, no. PART A, pp. 203–208, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1016/J.PROENV.2011.09.035.
10. [10] A. Solmaz, T. Turna, and A. Baran, “Ecofriendly synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using agricultural Citrus fortunella waste and decolourization of crystal violet from aqueous solution,” Can J Chem Eng, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1002/cjce.25179.
11. [11] J. M. Dias, M. C. M. Alvim-Ferraz, M. F. Almeida, J. Rivera-Utrilla, and M. Sánchez-Polo, “Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: A review,” J Environ Manage, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 833–846, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.031.
12. [12] Y. Li et al., “Comparative study of methylene blue dye adsorption onto activated carbon, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 361–368, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1016/J.CHERD.2012.07.007.
13. [13] Ö. Kazak, “Single-step pyrolysis for producing activated carbon from sucrose and its properties for methylene blue removal in aqueous solution,” Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 165–175, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.35208/ert.910576.
14. [14] R. Rashid, I. Shafiq, P. Akhter, M. J. Iqbal, and M. Hussain, “A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 9050–9066, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x.
15. [15] M. Minamisawa, H. Minamisawa, S. Yoshida, and N. Takai, “Adsorption Behavior of Heavy Metals on Biomaterials,” J Agric Food Chem, vol. 52, no. 18, pp. 5606–5611, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1021/jf0496402.
16. [16] L.-T.-T.-T. Hoang et al., “Annona glabra L. Seeds: An Agricultural Waste Biosorbent for the Eco-Friendly Removal of Methylene Blue,” Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 48–57, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s00244-023-01044-8.
17. [17] A. Yildirim, M. F. Baran, and H. Acay, “Kinetic and isotherm investigation into the removal of heavy metals using a fungal-extract-based bio-nanosorbent,” Environ Technol Innov, vol. 20, p. 101076, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101076.
18. [18] M. Jiang, X. Jin, X.-Q. Lu, and Z. Chen, “Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) onto natural kaolinite clay,” Desalination, vol. 252, no. 1–3, pp. 33–39, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.11.005.
19. [19] A. H. Jawad and A. S. Abdulhameed, “Mesoporous Iraqi red kaolin clay as an efficient adsorbent for methylene blue dye: Adsorption kinetic, isotherm and mechanism study,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 18, p. 100422, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2019.100422.
20. [20] A. Sari, M. Tuzen, D. Citak, and M. Soylak, “Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution onto Turkish kaolinite clay,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 283–291, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.078.
21. [21] A. H. Jawad and A. S. Abdulhameed, “Mesoporous Iraqi red kaolin clay as an efficient adsorbent for methylene blue dye: Adsorption kinetic, isotherm and mechanism study,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 18, p. 100422, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2019.100422.
22. [22] R. K. Liew et al., “Microwave pyrolysis with KOH/NaOH mixture activation: A new approach to produce micro-mesoporous activated carbon for textile dye adsorption,” Bioresour Technol, vol. 266, pp. 1–10, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.06.051.
23. [23] S. Wang and E. Ariyanto, “Competitive adsorption of malachite green and Pb ions on natural zeolite,” J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 314, no. 1, pp. 25–31, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.05.032.
24. [24] J. Zhang, Y. Li, C. Zhang, and Y. Jing, “Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution onto carbon prepared from Arundo donax root,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 774–782, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.036.
25. [25] S. Azizian, “Kinetic models of sorption: a theoretical analysis,” J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 276, no. 1, pp. 47–52, Aug. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.048.
26. [26] S. Nethaji, A. Sivasamy, G. Thennarasu, and S. Saravanan, “Adsorption of Malachite Green dye onto activated carbon derived from Borassus aethiopum flower biomass,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 181, no. 1–3, pp. 271–280, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.008.
27. [27] M. Özacar and İ. A. Şengil, “Adsorption of reactive dyes on calcined alunite from aqueous solutions,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 98, no. 1–3, pp. 211–224, Mar. 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00358-8.
28. [28] C. Gerente, V. K. C. Lee, P. Le Cloirec, and G. McKay, “Application of Chitosan for the Removal of Metals From Wastewaters by Adsorption—Mechanisms and Models Review,” Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 41–127, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1080/10643380600729089.
29. [29] S. J. Allen, G. Mckay, and J. F. Porter, “Adsorption isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by peat in single and binary component systems,” J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 322–333, Dec. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.078.
30. [30] S. Ullah et al., “Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye onto Mesoporous Natural Inorganic Clays: Their Equilibrium Isotherm and Kinetics Studies,” Water (Basel), vol. 13, no. 7, p. 965, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/w13070965.
31. [31] A. Moumen et al., “Spectral, Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies of Malachite Green Dye Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions onto Low-cost Treated Kaolin,” Physical Chemistry Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 47–60, 2024.
32. [32] J. Zhang et al., “Enhanced adsorption of malachite green on hydroxyl functionalized coal: Behaviors and mechanisms,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 163, pp. 48–57, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.04.072.
33. [33] P. Saha, S. Chowdhury, S. Gupta, and I. Kumar, “Insight into adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of Malachite Green onto clayey soil of Indian origin,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 874–882, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.10.048.
34. [34] E. Bulut, M. Özacar, and İ. A. Şengil, “Adsorption of malachite green onto bentonite: Equilibrium and kinetic studies and process design,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 234–246, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.01.039.
35. [35] M. Rajabi et al., “Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution by carboxylate group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Determination of equilibrium and kinetics parameters,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 34, pp. 130–138, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.11.001.
36. [36] A. A. Alqadami, Mu. Naushad, Z. A. Alothman, and T. Ahamad, “Adsorptive performance of MOF nanocomposite for methylene blue and malachite green dyes: Kinetics, isotherm and mechanism,” J Environ Manage, vol. 223, pp. 29–36, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.090.
37. [37] Y. Önal, C. Akmil-Başar, and Ç. Sarıcı-Özdemir, “Investigation kinetics mechanisms of adsorption malachite green onto activated carbon,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 146, no. 1–2, pp. 194–203, Jul. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.006.
38. [38] R. Ahmad and R. Kumar, “Adsorption studies of hazardous malachite green onto treated ginger waste,” J Environ Manage, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1032–1038, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.12.016.
39. [39] A. A. Khan, R. Ahmad, A. Khan, and P. K. Mondal, “Preparation of unsaturated polyester Ce(IV) phosphate by plastic waste bottles and its application for removal of Malachite green dye from water
40. samples,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 361–368, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.012. [40] X. S. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Jiang, and C. Sun, “The removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions using agricultural by-products,” J Hazard Mater, vol. 157, no. 2–3, pp. 374–385, Sep. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.004.