Karayolu Menfez Tasarımında HEC-RAS, SWMM ve THDH Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

In this study, Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Turkish Highway Design Handbook (THDH) approaches were examined in highway culvert design and the methods were compared on a sample highway culvert to show the differences in design calculations. A box type culvert, made of reinforced concrete and with dimensions of 3 meters in width and 2 meters in height, will be constructed at the intersection of the Kocaçay stream and the Nevşehir Avanos D302 highway at KM:800m. The culvert is designed to carry the 10-year and 100-year design flow rates calculated using the Rational method. The design flow conditions, and water levels of the culvert is originally designed according to THDH. The culvert along with the flow route up to a certain distance, upstream and downstream is modelled by using HEC-RAS and SWMM. The water levels obtained from the models were compared with the THDH design results. The hydraulic design of the culvert is conducted under inlet control conditions in all methods, however, with the discrepancies in the calculated headwater and tailwater depths. The nomogram method suggested in the THDH provides a practical means for determining headwater depth, tailwater depth and culvert dimensions. However, it does not adequately address the channel sections upstream and downstream of the culvert and the relevant flow conditions. To evaluate the environmental effects of the design flow rates of culverts, especially those located near residential areas, it is recommended to use HEC-RAS and similar GIS-supported modeling tools in hydraulic calculations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Culvert
• HEC-RAS
• SWMM
• Rational method
• Hydrodynamic model

Comparative Analysis of HEC-RAS, SWMM, and THDH Approaches in Highway Culvert Design

Öz

In this study, Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Turkish Highway Design Handbook (THDH) approaches were examined in highway culvert design and the methods were compared on a sample highway culvert to show the differences in design calculations. A box type culvert, made of reinforced concrete and with dimensions of 3 meters in width and 2 meters in height, will be constructed at the intersection of the Kocaçay stream and the Nevşehir Avanos D302 highway at KM:800m. The culvert is designed to carry the 10-year and 100-year design flow rates calculated using the Rational method. The design flow conditions, and water levels of the culvert is originally designed according to THDH. The culvert along with the flow route up to a certain distance, upstream and downstream is modelled by using HEC-RAS and SWMM. The water levels obtained from the models were compared with the THDH design results. The hydraulic design of the culvert is conducted under inlet control conditions in all methods, however, with the discrepancies in the calculated headwater and tailwater depths. The nomogram method suggested in the THDH provides a practical means for determining headwater depth, tailwater depth and culvert dimensions. However, it does not adequately address the channel sections upstream and downstream of the culvert and the relevant flow conditions. To evaluate the environmental effects of the design flow rates of culverts, especially those located near residential areas, it is recommended to use HEC-RAS and similar GIS-supported modeling tools in hydraulic calculations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Culvert
• HEC-RAS
• SWMM
• Rational method
• Hydrodynamic model

Kaynakça

1. [1]. H. Methods, G. Dyhouse, J. Hatchett, J. Benn, “Flood plain modeling using HEC-RAS”, Haestad press, 696 p, 2003.
2. [2]. J. M. Normann, R. J. Houghtalen, W. J. Johnston, “Hydraulic design of highway culverts”, U.S. Department of Transportation, Report No. FHWA-IP-85-15. Hydraulic Design Series No. 5, Washington, September 1985.
3. [3]. G. L. Bodhaine, “Measurement of peak discharge at culverts by indirect methods”, U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chap. A3, 60 p. 1968. https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-a3/
4. [4]. KGM, “Karayolu tasarım el kitabı”, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye, 2016.
5. [5]. G. Dorin, C. Pricop, F. Stătescu, T. A. Hrăniciuc, D. Toma, “Mathematical modelling and numerical analysis of hydraulic system behaviour. A case study with application in HEC-RAS”, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1256(1), 2022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1256/1/012027.
6. [6]. N. N. Zainal, S. H. A. Talib, “Review paper on applications of the HEC-RAS model for flooding, agriculture, and water quality simulation”, Water practice and technology, 1 July 2024, 19 (7), p. 2883–2900, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.173.
7. [7]. M. Iosub, M. Ionut, O. Hapciuc, G. Romannescu, “The use of EC-RAS modelling in flood risk analysis”, The International Conference Air and Water - Components of The Environment, 20-22 March 2015.
8. [8]. HEC (2023) HEC-RAS user’s manual version 6.3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/rasum/latest

9. [9]. L. B. Maharjan, N. M Shakya, “Comparative study of one dimensional and two dimensional steady surface flow analysis”, Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 2, 2016.
10. [10]. C. H. Wang, “Application of HEC-RAS model in simulation of water surface profile of river”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, pp. 232–235, 2014. https://doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.232
11. [11]. S. J. Zeiger, J. A. Hubbart., “Measuring and modeling event-based environmental flows: An assessment of HEC-RAS 2D rain-on-grid simulations”, Journal of environmental management, 285, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112125.
12. [12]. N. T. Thalakkottukara, J. Thomas, M. K. Watkins, B. C. Holland, T. Oommen, H. Grover, “Suitability of the height above nearest drainage (HAND) model for flood inundation mapping in data-scarce regions: a comparative analysis with hydrodynamic models”, Earth Science Informatics, 17(3), 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-023-01218-x
13. [13]. Rossman, L.A.; Simon, M.A. Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual Version 5.2; United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2022. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm (accessed on 1 September 2024).
14. [14]. O. Bilhan, “Analysis of sediment transport and accumulation in Kızılırmak watershed by using numerical models and fieldworks”, Nevsehir HBV University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, Project No: NEUBAP14F4, p. 56, Nevsehir, Türkiye, 2017.
15. [15]. Google Earth, 2024 Google Earth Pro v. 7.3.6.9750 (64-bit), 38°55'49.16"N 34°59'50.04"E.
16. [16]. ASF DAAC, Advanced land observing satellite phased array L-band synthetic aperture radar (ALOS PALSAR). Contains modified copernicus sentinel data 2015, processed by ESA. Alaska Satellite Facility.
17. [17]. QGIS, 2023, QGIS Geographic Information System, v. 3.28.3. QGIS association. http://www.qgis.org
18. [18]. H. Özdemir, “Uygulamalı taskın hidrolojisi”, DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü Genel Yay. No: 873, Özel Yay. No: 34, Ankara, 1978.
19. [19]. M. Bayazıt, I. Avcı, Z. Şen, “Hidroloji uygulamaları”, Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul. ISBN:9789755112688, p. 266, 2009.
20. [20]. Z. Şen, “İklim değisikliği içerikli taskın afet ve modern hesaplama yöntemleri”, Su Vakfı, İstanbul, 2009
21. [21]. A. Ahiskali, “Karayolu ve altyapı tasarımı”. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. ISBN978-625-417-683-8, 296p, 2022.
22. [22]. M. Wanielista, R. Kersten, R. Eaglin “Hydrology: water quantity and quality control”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1997.
23. [23]. J. D. Schall, P. L. Thompson, S. M Zerges, R. T Kilgore, J. L. Morris, “Hydraulic design of highway culverts third edition”, Federal highway administration, national highway institute, Washington, 2012. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/library_arc.cfm?pub_number=7&id=13
24. [24]. L. A. Rossman, “Storm Water Management Model Reference Manual Volume II – Hydraulics”, U.S. environmental protection agency, office of research and development, Cincinnati, USA, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm
25. [25]. G. W. Brunner “HEC-RAS, river analysis system hydraulic reference manual version 6.0 beta”, US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydraulic Engineering Center (HEC), Davis, CA, 2020. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/rasdocs/ras1dtechref/latest/
26. [26]. W. L Cowan, “Estimating hydraulic roughness coefficients”, Agricultural Engineering. 37(7), p. 473-475, 1956.
27. [27]. V. T. Chow, “Open channel hydraulics”, McGraw-Hill book company, NY, 1959.