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THE JOURNEY OF THE CONSUMER IN THE DIGITALIZATION TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 308 - 320, 31.12.2021

Öz

Increasing consumer interaction due to the development of communication facilities has had great importance on company decisions. Digital transformation, one of these decisions, necessitated the transfer of actual business processes to digital. The central dynamic that reveals this necessity is the digitalization of the consumer. With the digitalization of the consumer, the attitudes of the companies towards the consumers and the expectations of the consumers from the companies have changed. In this context, it has been aimed to compile and examine the studies with the keywords "customer" and "consumer" in the publications on digital transformation in the WOS (Web of Science) database. In addition, the study aims to examine the qualified academic studies on the digital consumer from a conceptual perspective and reveal possible literature gaps on which future studies in this context can focus. The research results provide an overview of the studies on the digital transformation between 2010-2021. It also contributes to the literature by visualizing the role of the consumer in digital transformation.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, A. F., Jusoh, A. bin, Mas’od, A., & Ali, J. (2020). Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends on Electronic Word of Mouth Using Scopus Database. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(16), 405-412.
  • Alam, R. A., Islam, M. A., & Khan, A. (2019). Usage of Chatbot as a New Digital Communication Tool for Customer Support: A Case Study on BanglalinkTM (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3719483). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3719483
  • Bagla, R. K., & Sancheti, V. (2018). Gaps in Customer Satisfaction with Digital Wallets: Challenge for Sustainability. Journal of Management Development, 37(6), 442-451. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2017-0144
  • Belk, R. W., & Llamas, R. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Digital Consumption. Routledge.
  • Berman, S. J., & Kesterson‐Townes, L. (2012). Connecting with the Digital Customer of the Future. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278868
  • Bhandari, M., Rodgers, S., & Pan, P.-L. (2021). Brand feedback to negative eWOM Messages: Effects of Stability and Controllability of Problem Causes on Brand Attitudes and Purchase Intentions. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101522
  • Carlsson, H., Larsson, S., Svensson, L., & Åström, F. (2017). Consumer Credit Behavior in the Digital Context: A Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(1), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.28.1.76
  • Chinotaikul, P., & Vinayavekhin, S. (2020). Digital Transformation in Business and Management Research: Bibliometric and Co-word Network Analysis. In 2020 1st International Conference on Big Data Analytics and Practices (IBDAP) (1-5). IEEE.
  • Dey, B. L., Yen, D., & Samuel, L. (2020). Digital Consumer Culture and Digital Acculturation. International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102057
  • Downes, L., & Nunes, P. (2013). Big bang disruption. Harvard business review, 44-56.
  • Dunakhe, K., & Panse, C. (2021). Impact of Digital Marketing –A Bibliometric Review. International Journal of Innovation Science, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-11-2020-0263
  • Durmaz, Y., & Efendioglu, I. H. (2016). Travel from Traditional Marketing to Digital Marketing. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: E-Marketing, 16(2), 34-40.
  • Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., Kumar, V., Rahman, M. M., Raman, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Rowley, J., Salo, J., Tran, G. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Setting the Future of Digital and Social Media Marketing Research: Perspectives and Research Propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168
  • Fernández-Rovira, C., Álvarez Valdés, J., Molleví, G., & Nicolas-Sans, R. (2021). The Digital Transformation of Business. Towards the Datafication of the Relationship with Customers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120339
  • Foroudi, P., Gupta, S., Sivarajah, U., & Broderick, A. (2018). Investigating the Effects of Smart Technology on Customer Dynamics and Customer Experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.014
  • Gelbrich, K., Hagel, J., & Orsingher, C. (2021). Emotional Support from a Digital Assistant in Technology-Mediated Services: Effects on Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Persistence. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 38(1), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.06.004
  • Gussen, L. C., Ellerich, M., Schmitt, R. H., & Viktorov, N. (2020). Your Customer’s Digital Shadow – Objectification of Human Perception by a Multisensory Measurement System. Procedia CIRP, 93, 1370-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.03.011
  • Hamilton, K., & Hewer, P. (2012). Tribal Mattering Spaces: Social-Networking Sites, Celebrity Affiliations, and Tribal Innovations. İçinde New Developments in Online Marketing. Routledge.
  • Helberger, N., Kerényi, K., Krings, B., Lambers, R., Orwat, C., Riehm, U., van Gompel, S., & Dufft, N. (2004). Digital Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: A Multi-Disciplinary Discussion of Consumer Concerns and Expectations. Içinde MPRA Paper (Sy 6641; MPRA Paper). University Library of Munich, Germany. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/6641.html
  • James, L. (2021). How The Conscious Consumer Is Revolutionizing E-Commerce. Forbes.
  • Kim, J., Kang, S., & Lee, K. H. (2021). Evolution of Digital Marketing Communication: Bibliometric Analysis and Network Visualization from Key Articles. Journal of Business Research, 130, 552-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.043
  • Martínez-Polo, J., & Navarro-Beltrá, M. (2020). Estudio bibliométrico sobre reputación digital y economía colaborativa (2004-2017). Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, 51, 83-107. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2020.51.83-107
  • Matarazzo, M., Penco, L., Profumo, G., & Quaglia, R. (2021). Digital Transformation and Customer Value Creation in Made in Italy SMEs: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Business Research, 123, 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.033
  • Matveeva, A. I., & Krasnov, R. V. (2019). Generation “Z” as a Generation for Market of Goods and Services in Digitization. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 105, 892-895. https://doi.org/10.2991/iscde-19.2019.177
  • Menear, Harry (2020). The history of digital transformation. Retrieved from https://technologymagazine.com/data-and-data-analytics/adopting-microsecond-mindset-faster-decision-making
  • Mishra, O. (2018). Criteria for Evaluation of Alternatives in Online Consumer Decision-Making Process. ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Retail Management, 9(4), 75-100.
  • Miskiewicz, R. (2020). Internet of Things in Marketing: Bibliometric Analysis. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 371-381.
  • Nebehay, S., & Kelland, K. (2019, Kasım 22). World’s Teens More Sedentary, Digital Technology a Possible Cause. Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/world-s-teens-not-moving-enough-digital-technology-a-possible-cause-20191122-p53d5i.html
  • Pan, C.-L., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., & Mo, Y. (2020). Bibliometric Analysis of digitization Business Economy. E3S Web of Conferences, 214, 03016. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403016
  • Piccinini, E., Gregory, R., & Kolbe, L. (2015). Changes in the Producer-Consumer Relationship—Towards Digital Transformation. Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2015, 109. https://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2015/109
  • Rothchild, J. (1998). Protecting the Digital Consumer: The Limits of Cyberspace Utopianism. Indiana Law Journal, 74, 893. Schaller, A., Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R., & Schaller, A.-A. (2021, Ağustos 8). Assessing Relations between Sustainable Business Models and Digital Transformation: A Bibliometric Analysis. PICMET’ 21 Conference Proceedings, Daejeon City, South Korea.
  • Schultz, D. (2016). The Future of Advertising or Whatever We’re Going to Call It. Journal of Advertising, 45(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1185061
  • Singh, U. S., Singh, N., Gulati, K., Kumar Bhasin, N., kumar, H., & Sreejith, P. M. (2021). A Study on the Revolution of Consumer Relationships as a Combination of Human Interactions and Digital Transformations. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.578
  • Stephen, A. T. (2016). The Role of Digital and Social Media Marketing in Consumer Behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.016
  • Sun, Y., Yang, C., Shen, X.-L., & Wang, N. (2020). When Digitalized Customers Meet Digitalized Services: A Digitalized Social Cognitive Perspective of Omnichannel Service Usage. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102200
  • Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222.
  • Tupikovskaja-Omovie, Z., & Tyler, D. (2021). Eye Tracking Technology to Audit Google Analytics: Analysing Digital Consumer Shopping Journey in Fashion M-Retail. International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102294
  • Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Qi Dong, J., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
  • Verma, S., Dikkatwar, R., & De, T. (2021). Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Digital Marketing From 2010-20. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), 625-640.
  • Yakob, F. (2015). Paid Attention: Innovative Advertising for a Digital World.
  • Yuruk-Kayapinar, P. (2020). Digital Consumer Behavior in an Omnichannel World. İçinde T. Dirsehan (Ed.), Managing Customer Experiences in an Omnichannel World: Melody of Online and Offline Environments in the Customer Journey (ss. 55-73). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201007
  • Zeren, D., & Kaya, N. (2020). Dijital pazarlama: Ulusal yazının bibliyometrik analizi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 35-52.

TÜKETİCİNİN DİJİTALLEŞME DÖNÜŞÜM SÜRECİNDEKİ YOLCULUĞU

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 308 - 320, 31.12.2021

Öz

İletişim olanaklarının gelişmesi nedeniyle artan tüketici etkileşimi, şirket kararlarında büyük öneme sahip olmuştur. Bu kararlardan biri olan dijital dönüşüm, gerçek iş süreçlerinin dijitale aktarılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu gerekliliği ortaya çıkaran temel dinamik ise tüketicinin dijitalleşmesidir. Tüketicilerin dijitalleşmesi sayesinde firmaların tüketicilere yönelik tutumu ve tüketicilerin onlardan beklentileri değişime uğramıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, WOS (Web of Science) veri tabanında yer alan dijital dönüşüm üzerine yazılmış çalışmalardan “müşteri” ve “tüketici” anahtar kelimelerini içerenlerin toplanması ve incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Dahası bu çalışma; dijital dönüşüm üzerine yazılmış akademik açıdan nitelikli çalışmaların kavramsal bir çerçeve üzerinden incelenmesini ve ileride bu alanda yapılacak çalışmaların odaklanması muhtemel literatür boşluklarını açığa çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları dijital dönüşüm alanında 2010-2021 yılında dijital dönüşüm alında yapılan çalışmalara yönelik bir genel bakış sağlamaktadır. Çalışma literatüre dijital dönüşümün rolünün literatür destekli olarak görselleştirilmesi ile de katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, A. F., Jusoh, A. bin, Mas’od, A., & Ali, J. (2020). Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends on Electronic Word of Mouth Using Scopus Database. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(16), 405-412.
  • Alam, R. A., Islam, M. A., & Khan, A. (2019). Usage of Chatbot as a New Digital Communication Tool for Customer Support: A Case Study on BanglalinkTM (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3719483). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3719483
  • Bagla, R. K., & Sancheti, V. (2018). Gaps in Customer Satisfaction with Digital Wallets: Challenge for Sustainability. Journal of Management Development, 37(6), 442-451. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2017-0144
  • Belk, R. W., & Llamas, R. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Digital Consumption. Routledge.
  • Berman, S. J., & Kesterson‐Townes, L. (2012). Connecting with the Digital Customer of the Future. Strategy & Leadership, 40(6), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878571211278868
  • Bhandari, M., Rodgers, S., & Pan, P.-L. (2021). Brand feedback to negative eWOM Messages: Effects of Stability and Controllability of Problem Causes on Brand Attitudes and Purchase Intentions. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101522
  • Carlsson, H., Larsson, S., Svensson, L., & Åström, F. (2017). Consumer Credit Behavior in the Digital Context: A Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(1), 76-94. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.28.1.76
  • Chinotaikul, P., & Vinayavekhin, S. (2020). Digital Transformation in Business and Management Research: Bibliometric and Co-word Network Analysis. In 2020 1st International Conference on Big Data Analytics and Practices (IBDAP) (1-5). IEEE.
  • Dey, B. L., Yen, D., & Samuel, L. (2020). Digital Consumer Culture and Digital Acculturation. International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102057
  • Downes, L., & Nunes, P. (2013). Big bang disruption. Harvard business review, 44-56.
  • Dunakhe, K., & Panse, C. (2021). Impact of Digital Marketing –A Bibliometric Review. International Journal of Innovation Science, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-11-2020-0263
  • Durmaz, Y., & Efendioglu, I. H. (2016). Travel from Traditional Marketing to Digital Marketing. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: E-Marketing, 16(2), 34-40.
  • Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., Kumar, V., Rahman, M. M., Raman, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Rowley, J., Salo, J., Tran, G. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Setting the Future of Digital and Social Media Marketing Research: Perspectives and Research Propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168
  • Fernández-Rovira, C., Álvarez Valdés, J., Molleví, G., & Nicolas-Sans, R. (2021). The Digital Transformation of Business. Towards the Datafication of the Relationship with Customers. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120339
  • Foroudi, P., Gupta, S., Sivarajah, U., & Broderick, A. (2018). Investigating the Effects of Smart Technology on Customer Dynamics and Customer Experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.014
  • Gelbrich, K., Hagel, J., & Orsingher, C. (2021). Emotional Support from a Digital Assistant in Technology-Mediated Services: Effects on Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Persistence. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 38(1), 176-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.06.004
  • Gussen, L. C., Ellerich, M., Schmitt, R. H., & Viktorov, N. (2020). Your Customer’s Digital Shadow – Objectification of Human Perception by a Multisensory Measurement System. Procedia CIRP, 93, 1370-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.03.011
  • Hamilton, K., & Hewer, P. (2012). Tribal Mattering Spaces: Social-Networking Sites, Celebrity Affiliations, and Tribal Innovations. İçinde New Developments in Online Marketing. Routledge.
  • Helberger, N., Kerényi, K., Krings, B., Lambers, R., Orwat, C., Riehm, U., van Gompel, S., & Dufft, N. (2004). Digital Rights Management and Consumer Acceptability: A Multi-Disciplinary Discussion of Consumer Concerns and Expectations. Içinde MPRA Paper (Sy 6641; MPRA Paper). University Library of Munich, Germany. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/6641.html
  • James, L. (2021). How The Conscious Consumer Is Revolutionizing E-Commerce. Forbes.
  • Kim, J., Kang, S., & Lee, K. H. (2021). Evolution of Digital Marketing Communication: Bibliometric Analysis and Network Visualization from Key Articles. Journal of Business Research, 130, 552-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.043
  • Martínez-Polo, J., & Navarro-Beltrá, M. (2020). Estudio bibliométrico sobre reputación digital y economía colaborativa (2004-2017). Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI, 51, 83-107. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2020.51.83-107
  • Matarazzo, M., Penco, L., Profumo, G., & Quaglia, R. (2021). Digital Transformation and Customer Value Creation in Made in Italy SMEs: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Business Research, 123, 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.033
  • Matveeva, A. I., & Krasnov, R. V. (2019). Generation “Z” as a Generation for Market of Goods and Services in Digitization. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 105, 892-895. https://doi.org/10.2991/iscde-19.2019.177
  • Menear, Harry (2020). The history of digital transformation. Retrieved from https://technologymagazine.com/data-and-data-analytics/adopting-microsecond-mindset-faster-decision-making
  • Mishra, O. (2018). Criteria for Evaluation of Alternatives in Online Consumer Decision-Making Process. ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Retail Management, 9(4), 75-100.
  • Miskiewicz, R. (2020). Internet of Things in Marketing: Bibliometric Analysis. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 371-381.
  • Nebehay, S., & Kelland, K. (2019, Kasım 22). World’s Teens More Sedentary, Digital Technology a Possible Cause. Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/world-s-teens-not-moving-enough-digital-technology-a-possible-cause-20191122-p53d5i.html
  • Pan, C.-L., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., & Mo, Y. (2020). Bibliometric Analysis of digitization Business Economy. E3S Web of Conferences, 214, 03016. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403016
  • Piccinini, E., Gregory, R., & Kolbe, L. (2015). Changes in the Producer-Consumer Relationship—Towards Digital Transformation. Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2015, 109. https://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2015/109
  • Rothchild, J. (1998). Protecting the Digital Consumer: The Limits of Cyberspace Utopianism. Indiana Law Journal, 74, 893. Schaller, A., Vatananan-Thesenvitz, R., & Schaller, A.-A. (2021, Ağustos 8). Assessing Relations between Sustainable Business Models and Digital Transformation: A Bibliometric Analysis. PICMET’ 21 Conference Proceedings, Daejeon City, South Korea.
  • Schultz, D. (2016). The Future of Advertising or Whatever We’re Going to Call It. Journal of Advertising, 45(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2016.1185061
  • Singh, U. S., Singh, N., Gulati, K., Kumar Bhasin, N., kumar, H., & Sreejith, P. M. (2021). A Study on the Revolution of Consumer Relationships as a Combination of Human Interactions and Digital Transformations. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.578
  • Stephen, A. T. (2016). The Role of Digital and Social Media Marketing in Consumer Behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.016
  • Sun, Y., Yang, C., Shen, X.-L., & Wang, N. (2020). When Digitalized Customers Meet Digitalized Services: A Digitalized Social Cognitive Perspective of Omnichannel Service Usage. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102200
  • Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222.
  • Tupikovskaja-Omovie, Z., & Tyler, D. (2021). Eye Tracking Technology to Audit Google Analytics: Analysing Digital Consumer Shopping Journey in Fashion M-Retail. International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102294
  • Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Qi Dong, J., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022
  • Verma, S., Dikkatwar, R., & De, T. (2021). Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Digital Marketing From 2010-20. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(2), 625-640.
  • Yakob, F. (2015). Paid Attention: Innovative Advertising for a Digital World.
  • Yuruk-Kayapinar, P. (2020). Digital Consumer Behavior in an Omnichannel World. İçinde T. Dirsehan (Ed.), Managing Customer Experiences in an Omnichannel World: Melody of Online and Offline Environments in the Customer Journey (ss. 55-73). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-388-520201007
  • Zeren, D., & Kaya, N. (2020). Dijital pazarlama: Ulusal yazının bibliyometrik analizi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 35-52.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Fatih Tuna 0000-0002-8634-8643

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuna, M. F. (2021). THE JOURNEY OF THE CONSUMER IN THE DIGITALIZATION TRANSFORMATION PROCESS. Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 308-320.