The Effect of Bellis on Levels of Plasma Paraoxonase Activity, High-Density Lipoprotein and Malondialdehyde in Cyprinus carpio

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Bellis, which is used as a fungicide, on the levels of plasma paraoxonase activity (PON), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in Cyprinus carpio. A total of 24 (200-300g) C. carpio fish including eight (8) in each group were used. Fish were divided into three (3) groups; Group-I (control), Group-II (0.025 mg/L Bellis), and Group-III (80.050 mg/L Bellis). Blood samples were collected from the fish after 14-day application and their plasmas were separated. Plasma samples were analysed for PON activity, HDL, and MDA levels. The study findings revealed that PON activity and HDL levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in Group-I, compared to Group-II and Group-III; whereas, MDA levels were lower (p<0.05). When the dosage of fungicide increased, PON activity and HDL levels dropped but MDA levels increased. In accordance with these findings, it was concluded that Bellis, which has been widely used in recent years, may trigger oxidative stress in fish depending on increasing dose.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bellis
• Cyprinus carpio
• malondialdehyde
• oxidative stress
• paraoxonase activity

Sazan Balığında Bellis’in Plazma Paraoksonaz Aktivitesi, Yüksek Dansiteli Lipoprotein ve Malondialdehit Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada fungusit olarak kullanılmakta olan Bellis’in Cyprinus carpio’da plazma paraoksonaz aktivitesi (PON), yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein (HDL) ve malondialdehit (MDA) düzeylerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Her grupta 8 adet olmak üzere toplam 24 adet (200-300g) C. carpio balık kullanıldı. Balıklar Grup-I (kontrol), Grup-II (0.025 mg/L Bellis) ve Grup-III 80.050 mgl/L Bellis) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrıldı. 14 günlük uygulamanın ardından balıklardan kan örneği alındı ve plazmaları ayrıldı. Elde edilen plazma örneklerinde PON aktivitesi, HDL ve MDA düzeyleri çalışıldı. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre Grup-I’ de PON aktivitesi ve HDL düzeyleri Grup-II ve Grup-III’e göre anlamlı şekilde (p<0.001) daha yüksek bulunurken, MDA düzeylerin ise daha düşük bulundu (p<0.05). Fungisit uygulanan balıklarda artan doza bağlı olarak PON aktivitesi ve HDL düzeyleri azalırken MDA düzeylerinin ise arttığı tespit edildi. Bu sonuçlara göre son yıllarda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan Bellis’in artan doza bağlı olarak balılarda oksidatif stresi tetikleyebileceği sonucuna varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bellis
• Cyprinus carpio
• malondialdehit
• oksidatif stres
• paraoksonaz aktivite

Kaynakça

1. Abdollahi, M., Mostafalou, S., Pournourmohammadi, S., & Shadnia, S. (2004). Oxidative stress and cholinesterase inhibition in saliva and plasma of rats following subchronic exposure to malathion. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 137(1), 29-34.
2. Aksakal, F. I. (2020). Evaluation of boscalid toxicity on Daphnia magna by using antioxidant enzyme activities, the expression of genes related to antioxidant and detoxification systems, and life-history parameters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, Volume 237, 108830.
3. APHA. 1980. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st edition), Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
4. Atamanalp, M., Parlak, V., Özgeriş, F. B., Yeltekin, A. Ç., Ucar, A., Keleş, M. S., & Alak, G. (2021). Treatment of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA injury with N-acetylcysteine at simulative pesticide toxicity in fish. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 31(3), 224-234,
5. Avenot, H., Morgan, D. P., & Michailides, T. J. (2008). Resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid and multiple resistance to Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) fungicide in Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria late blight of pistachios in California. Plant Pathology, 57, 135-140.
6. Chen, P. J., Moore, T., & Nesnow, S. (2008). Cytotoxic effects of propiconazole and its metabolites in mouse and human hepatoma cells and primary mouse hepatocytes. Toxicology in Vitro, 22, 1476-1483.
7. Costa, L. G., Cole, T. B., Jarvik, G. P., & Furlong, C. E. (2003). Functional genomics of the paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms: Effects on pesticide sensitivity, cardiovascular disease, and drug metabolism. Annu Rev Med, 54, 371-392.
8. Çelik, Y., Yarşi, G., & Özarslandan, A. (2020). Effects of Beneficial Bacteria Applications on Plant Yield and Resistance Mechanisms. Journal of Global Health & Natural Science, 3(1), 37-44.

9. Deveci, H. A., Karapehlivan, M., Kaya, I., Kükürt, A., & Alpay, M. (2015). Akut klorprifos-etil zehirlenmesine karşı kafeik asit fenetil ester’in koruyucu etkisi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 62, 255-260.
10. Deveci, H. A., Kükürt, A., Nur, G., & Kaya, I. (2016). Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758)’da Klorprifos-etil uygulamasının sialik asit, malondialdehit ve nitrik oksit düzeylerine etkisi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Fen. Bil. Enst. Derg. 9(2), 46-51.
11. Deveci, H. A., Ünal, S., Karapehlivan, M., Ayata, M. K., Gaffaroğlu, M., Kaya, İ., & Yılmaz, M. (2017). Effects of glyphosate (herbicide) on serum paraoxonase activity, high density lipoprotein, total antioxidant and oxidant levels in Kars Creek Transcaucasıan Barbs (Capoeta capoeta [Guldenstaedt, 1773]). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(5), 3514-3518.
12. Deveci, H. A., & Karapehlivan, M. (2018). Chlorpyrifos-induced parkinsonian model in mice: Behavior, histopathology and biochemistry. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiolology, 144, 36-41.
13. Deveci, H. A., Nur, G., & Kılıçle, P. A. (2021). Subakut malathion uygulamasının oksidatif stres biyobelirteçlerine etkisi. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech, , 6(3), 193-201
14. Dogan, D., Deveci, H. A., & Nur, G. (2021). Manifestation of oxidative stress and liver injury in clothionidin exposed Oncorhynchus mykiss. Toxicology Research, 10(3), 501-510. Durmaz, H., Sevgiler, Y., & Üner, N. (2006). Tissue-specific antioxidative and neurotoxic responses to diazinon in Oreochromis niloticus. Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology, 84(3), 215-226.
15. Eckerson, H. W., Romson, J., Wyte, C., & La Du, B. (1983). The human serum paraoxonase polymorphism: identification of phenotypes by their response to salts. American journal of human genetics, 35(2), 214.
16. Fırat, Ö., & Aytekin, T. (2018). Neonikotinoid insektisit Thiamethoxam’ın Oreochromis niloticus’ta oksidatif stres parametreleri üzerine etkisi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(2), 224-234.
17. Işk, I., & Celik, I. (2008). Acute effects of methyl parathion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 92(1), 38-42.
18. Kaya, İ., Karapehlivan, M., Yilmaz, M., Ersan, Y., & Koç, E. (2012). Investigation of effects on plasma nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and total sialic acid levels of glyphosate in Kars creek transcaucasian barb (Capoeta capoeta [Guldenstaedt, 1773]) in Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull, 21(1A), 123-6.
19. Kaya, İ., Yilmaz, M., Koç, E., Deveci, H. A., Ersan, Y., & Karapehlivan, M. (2014). Tebukonazol (Fungusit) Uygulanan Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758)'da Serum Total Antioksidan, Oksidan ve Sialık Asit Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Fisheries Sciences com, 8(3), 214.
20. Kayhan, F. E. (2020). İnsektisitlerin Doğadaki Döngüsü ve Sucul Çevreye Etkileri. SU. Fen Fak. Fen Derg, 46(2), 29-40.
21. Kehrer, J. P. (1993). Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 23(1), 21-48.
22. Lagunas-Allué, L., Sanz-Asensio, J., & Martínez-Soria, M. T. (2015). Mobility and distribution of eight fungicides in surface, skin and pulp in grapes. An application to pyraclostrobin and boscalid. Food Control, 51, 85-93.
23. Li, Z. H., Zlabek, V., Velisek, J., Grabic, R., Machova, J., Kolarova, J., Li, P. & Randak, T. (2011). Antioxidant responses and plasma biochemical characteristics in the freshwater rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after acute exposure to the fungicide propiconazole. J Anim Sci, 56, 61-69.
24. Nur, G., & Deveci, H A. (2018). Histopathological and biochemical responses to the oxidative stress induced by glyphosate-based herbicides in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Cellular Neuroscience and Oxidative Stress, 10(1), 656-665.
25. Özkılınç, H., & Kurt, Ş. (2017). Screening Fungicide Resistance of Alternaria Pathogens Causing Alternaria Blight of Pistachio in Turkey. YYÜ Tar Bil Derg, 27(4), 543-549.
26. Selvi, M., Sarıkaya, R., & Erkoç, F. (2004). Acute behavioral changes in theguppy (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to temephos. Gazi Üniver-sitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 17, 15-19.
27. Strungaru, S. A., Plavan, G., Ciobica, A., Nicoara, M., Robea, M. A., Solcan, C., & Petrovici, A. (2019). Toxicity and chronic effects of deltamethrin exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a reference model for freshwater fish community. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 171, 854-862.
28. Temiz, Ö. (2019). Oreochromis niloticus'un Karaciğerinde Fungisit Propiconazole'un Oksidatif Stres Parametreleri ve Antioksidan Sistem Enzimleri Üzerine Etkileri. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(1), 43-47.
29. Toroser, D., Orr, WC., & Sohal, R. S. (2007). Carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins in Drosophila melanogaster during aging. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 363, 418-424.
30. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J., & Vermeulen, N. P. E. (2003). Fish bioaccumulation andbiomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 13, 57-149
31. Yonar, M. E., & Sakin, F. (2011). Ameliorative effect of lycopene on antioxidant status in Cyprinus carpio during pyrethroid deltamethrin exposure. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 99, 226-231.
32. Yoshioka, T., Kawada, K., Shimada, T., & Mori, M. (1979). Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated oxygen toxicity in the blood. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135, 372-376.
33. Zang, X., Ji M, Wang, K., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Tian, H., Zhu, H., & Du, F. (2017). Effects of Boscalid on the Antioxidant Enzyme System of Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Agricultural Science & Technology, Animal Science and Feeds, 18(2), 287-293.