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Dijital Medyada Kültürel İçerik Üreticiliğinin Ekonomik Sermayeye Dönüşümünde Patreon Modeli İncelemesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1395336

Öz

Dijitalleşme, medya endüstrisinde ödemeleri, ürünleri ve hizmetleri hızla dönüştürmüştür. Dijital medyadaki dönüşüm ile içerik üreticileri, alternatif gelir modelleri ile emeklerini, zamanlarını, sosyal, kültürel ve simgesel sermayelerini ekonomik sermayeye dönüştürebilmektedir. Geleneksel gelir modellerinden farklı olarak çevrimiçi kitlesel fonlama, dijital medyada farklı projelerin geliştirilmesi ve kaynak yaratmada alternatif bir fonlama türüdür. Dijital ekonominin yükselişi, çevrimiçi kitlesel fonlama platformlarıyla birleştiğinde, geleneksel gelir modellerine bağlılık azalarak medya kullanıcılarıyla bağlantı kurulur. Amerika merkezli Patreon, kültürel içerik üreticileri için aboneliğe dayalı kitlesel fonlama platformlarının en büyüğüdür. Bağışçılar sevdikleri içerik üreticilerini desteklerken özel üyelik avantajları hak eder (Patreon, 2023). Çalışmada Türkiye’de Patreon gelir modeli ile kendini finanse eden dijital kültürel içerik üreticilerinden Evrim Ağacı ve Fularsız Entellik örnek olayında ekonomi-politik bağımsızlık ve sürdürülebilirlik temaları sorgulanmıştır. Kitlesel fonlama davranışını açıklamada Bourdrieu'nun sermaye teorilerinden hareketle Patreon modelinin Türkiye’de sürdürülebilirliği ve medya ekonomisindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Keşfedici araştırma stratejisinde Fularsız Entellik ve Evrim Ağacı'nın dijital medyadaki konumları, doküman analizi, katılımcı gözlem ve yapılandırılmış görüşmeden alınan yanıtlar içerik analiziyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Örneklemdeki içerik üreticilerinin kendilerini önemli ölçüde finanse edebildikleri, hedeflerinin büyüklüğü doğrultusunda gelir modellerini çeşitlendirmeyi planladıkları anlaşılmıştır. İçerik üreticilerinin ilişkisel emekle bağlantı kurduğu destekçilerin, ülke şartlarının özgün yapısında birçok psikolojik ve toplumsal, ekonomi-politik motivasyon saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

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A PATREON MODEL INVESTIGATION ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURAL CONTENT PRODUCTION IN DIGITAL MEDIA TO ECONOMIC CAPITAL

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1395336

Öz

The media industry has undergone a significant transformation due to digitalization. This shift has brought alternative revenue models for content producers who can monetize their time, social, cultural, and symbolic capital. Online crowdfunding platforms have emerged as a means of funding for various digital media projects. When combined with the digital platform economy, the dependence on traditional revenue models decreases. Patreon is the leading subscription-based crowdfunding platform in America for cultural content producers. Supporters receive membership benefits while financing their preferred content creators. This study investigates the themes of economic-political independence and sustainability concerning digital cultural content producers in Turkey who utilize Patreon. The examples of Fularsız Entellik and Evrim Ağacı are explored using Bourdrieu's capital theories to explain crowdfunding behavior. The research strategy involved content analysis of responses obtained from document analysis, participant observation, and structured interviews. The study found that the content producers in the sample were able to finance themselves and plan to diversify their revenue models. Supporters were motivated by various psychological, social, and economic-political factors in the unique structure of Turkey's conditions.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawal, A. K., Catalini, C., ve Goldfarb, A. (2011). The geography of crowdfunding (No. w16820). National bureau of economic research.
  • Agrawal, A., Catalini, C., ve Goldfarb, A. (2014). Some simple economics of crowdfunding. Innovation policy and the economy, 14(1), 63-97.
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  • Luka, M.E. (2012). Media production in flux: crowdfunding to the rescue. Wi Journal of Mobile Media 6(3).
  • Mollick, E. (2014). The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: An Ex-Ploratory Study.Journal of Business Venturing. 29(1): 1–16 Manjoo, F. (2017). How the internet is saving culture, not killing it. The New York Times, 15.
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  • Menekşe, F. (2019). Bir iş modeli olarak vloggerlik ve YouTube platformunda içerik üretimi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi].
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  • Müller, M. F. (2021). Patreon dentro del ecosistema de plataformas digitales. In XIV Jornadas de Sociología. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
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  • Mitra, D. (2012). The role of crowdfunding in entrepreneurial finance. Delhi Business Review, 13(2), 67-72.
  • Mitra, T. ve Gilbert, E. (2014). The language that gets people to give: Phrases that predict success on kickstarter. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work and social computing (pp. 49-61).
  • Mittendorf, C., Berente, N., ve Holten, R. (2019). Trust in sharing encounters among millennials. Information Systems Journal, 29(5), 1083-1119.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2008). İmparatorluk. (A. Yılmaz, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı. (Original work published in 2001). Neuman, W. L. (2012). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri: Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar. (Cilt I-II). (S. Özge, Çev.) İstanbul: Yayın Odası.
  • Nielsen, R. K. ve Levy, D. A. (2010). The changing business of journalism and its implication for democracy. The Changing Business of Journalism and Its Implications for Democracy, 3-15.
  • Nielsen, R.K. ve Ganter, S. A. (2018). Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1600-1617.
  • Nieborg DB. ve Poell T. (2018). The Platformization of Cultural Production: Theorizing The Contingent Cultural Commodity. New Media & Society 20(11): 4275–4292.
  • Nucciarelli, A., Li, F., Fernandes, K. J., Goumagias, N., Cabras, I., Devlin, S., ve Cowling, P. (2017). From Value Chains to Technological Platforms: The Effects of Crowdfunding in The Digital Game İndustry. Journal of Business Research, 78, 341–352.
  • Onur, M. N. ve Değirmenci, Ö. (2015). Crowdfunding-kitle fonlaması. TC Başbakanlık Hazine Müsteşarlığı Çalışma Raporları, 7, 1-18.
  • Park, S. (2017). Digital capital (pp. 63-82). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
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  • Raun, T. (2018). Capitalizing intimacy: New subcultural forms of micro-celebrity strategies and affective labour on YouTube. Convergence, 24(1), 99-113.
  • Regner, T. (2021). Crowdfunding a monthly income: an analysis of the membership platform Patreon. Journal of Cultural Economics, 45(1), 133-142.
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  • Ritzer, G., ve Jurgenson, N. (2010). Production, consumption, prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital ‘prosumer’. Journal of consumer culture, 10(1), 13-36.
  • Röthler, D. ve Wenzlaff, K. (2011). Crowdfunding schemes in Europe. EENC report, 9, 2011.
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  • Sankır, Ş. (2022). Sanat Alanının Simgesel Değer Üreten Kültürel Aracısı Olarak Kültürel Kitlesel Fonlama Platformları. ARTS: Artuklu Sanat ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, (8), 11-28.
  • Scolere L. (2019). Brand Yourself, Design Your Future: Portfolio-Building in The Social Media Age. New Media & Society 21(9): 1891–1909.
  • Shneor, R. ve Vik, A. A. (2020). Crowdfunding Success: A Systematic Literature Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-04-2019-0148. adresinden Mart 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Shneor, R., Z.H. Munim, H. Zhu, ve I. Alon. (2021). Individualism, Collectivism and Reward Crowdfunding Contribution İntention and Behavior Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 47 (2021), Article 101045, 10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101045.
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  • Şirvanlı, T. ve Dağtaş, E. (2022). Yeni Medya Ekseninde Gelişen Alternatif Medya Yayıncılığı:“Medyascope Kanalı” Üzerine Bir Çözümleme. Elektronik Cumhuriyet İletişim Dergisi, 4(1), 13-32.
  • Tekeoğlu, N. (2015). Kitlesel Fonlama ile Alternatif Film Finansmanı Oluşturma ve Bir Film Analizi: Sıradışı İnsanlar. Akademik Sosyal Bilim Çalışmaları Dergisi8(Sayı: 38):295-295.
  • Tirdatov, I. (2014). Web-based crowd funding: Rhetoric of success. Technical Communication, 61(1), 3-24. Uzunoğlu, S. ve Uyar, V. (2021). Türkiye’nin dijital haber odalarının gelir modelleri. NewslabTurkey Research Hub.
  • Vachelard, J., Gambarra-Soares, T., Augustini, G., Riul, P., ve Maracaja-Coutinho, V. (2016). A guide to scientific crowdfunding. PLoS biology, 14(2), e1002373.
  • Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., ve De Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
  • Vural, A. ve Doğan, D.U. (2019). Girişimcilik finansmanında yeni bir model: Kitle fonlaması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 88-100.
  • Wohn, D. Y., Jough, P., Eskander, P., Siri, J. S., Shimobayashi, M., ve Desai, P. (2019, October). Understanding digital patronage: why do people subscribe to streamers on twitch?. In Proceedings of the annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play (pp. 99-110).
  • Yıldız, A. (2018). Gazeteciliğin Geleceği Açısından Türkiye’de “Patronsuz” Gazetecilik. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (47).
  • Yin, RK. (2003). Vaka Çalışmaları Tasarlamak. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 5 (14), 359-386.
  • Zheng, H., Li, D., Wu, J., ve Xu, Y. (2014). The role of multidimensional social capital in crowdfunding: A comparative study in China and US. Information & management, 51(4), 488-496.
  • Zelizer, V. (2005) The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Zelizer, V. (2011) Economic Lives: How Culture Shapes the Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Zimmermann, S., Angerer, P., Provin, D., ve Nault, B. R. (2018). Pricing in C2C sharing platforms. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 19(8), 4.
Toplam 114 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim Teknolojisi ve Dijital Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aysun Dukul 0000-0003-1470-6795

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dukul, A. (2024). Dijital Medyada Kültürel İçerik Üreticiliğinin Ekonomik Sermayeye Dönüşümünde Patreon Modeli İncelemesi. Düşünce Ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.55796/dusuncevetoplum.1395336