Türkiye'nin Siirt İlindeki Kuzularda Giardia duodenalis'in Mikroskobik ve Moleküler Yöntemlerle Araştırılması

Öz

Giardia duodenalis, dünya genelinde yaygın olarak görülen ve gastrointestinal hastalıklara neden olan bir parazittir. Özellikle kuzularda enfeksiyonlara neden olan bu parazit, çiftlik hayvanlarında yüksek oranda görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kuzularda G. duodenalis yaygınlığı ve risk faktörleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma süresince kuzu dışkı örnekleri toplanmış, mikroskobik ve Nested PCR yöntemi kullanılarak moleküler inceleme yapılmıştır. Toplam 120 örneğin 28 (%23.33)’inde mikroskobik inceleme sonucu Giardia sp. kistleri tespit edilirken, moleküler inceleme sonucu 120 örneğin 35 (%29.17)’inde parazitin DNA’sı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda kuzularda G. duodenalis yaygınlığı %23.33 - %29.17 arasında kaydedilmiştir. Yaş grupları arasında en yüksek prevalans oranı 16-30 günlük kuzularda tespit edilirken, lokasyonlar arasında en yüksek pozitiflik oranı Şirvan ilçesinde, en düşük pozitiflik ise Merkezde bulunmuştur. Cinsiyete göre dişilerde erkeklere göre hastalık prevalansının daha yüksek olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Ancak, lokasyon, cinsiyet ve yaş grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark görülmemiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, G. duodenalis enfestasyonları Siirt ili kuzularında yaygın olarak bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, kuzularda G. duodenalis enfestasyonlarını önlemek ve kontrol etmek için kontrol önlemlerinin ve hijyen uygulamalarının uygulanması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Giardia duodenalis
• Kuzu
• PZR
• Siirt
• Türkiye

A Microscopic and Molecular Survey of Giardia duodenalis in Lambs in Siirt, Türkiye

Öz

Giardia duodenalis is a parasite that causes gastrointestinal diseases and is widespread worldwide. This parasite, which causes infections especially in lambs, is highly prevalent in farm animals. In this study, the prevalence and risk factors of G. duodenalis in lambs were investigated. Lamb fecal samples were collected during the study and microscopic and molecular examinations were performed using Nested PCR method. While Giardia sp. cysts were detected in 28 (23.33%) of 120 samples, the DNA of the parasite was detected in 35 (29.17%) of 120 samples by molecular examination. At the end of the study, the prevalence of G. duodenalis in lambs was recorded between 23.33% and 29.17%. The highest prevalence rate among age groups was found in 16-30 days old lambs, while the highest positivity rate among locations was found in Şirvan district and the lowest positivity rate was found in the center. According to gender, the disease prevalence was higher in females than in males. However, there was no statistically significant difference between location, gender and age groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, G. duodenalis infestations are commonly found in lambs in Siirt province. The results of this study emphasize that control measures and hygiene practices should be implemented to prevent and control G. duodenalis infestations in lambs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Giardia duodenalis
• Lamb
• PCR
• Siirt
• Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Çamkerten G, Erdoğan H, Ural DA, Çamkerten İ, Erdoğan S, Ural K. (2019). Levels of Serum 25 (OH) D3 in Naturally İnfected Lambs with Giardia duodenalis. Kocatepe Vet J. 12 (1): 71-74.
2. Gómez-Muñoz MT, Navarro C, Garijo-Toledo MM, et al. (2009). Occurrence and Genotypes of Giardia Isolated From Lambs In Spain. Parasitol Int. 58 (3): 297-299.
3. Ozdal N, Tanritanir P, Göz Y, Deger S, Kozat S. (2009). Parasitic Protozoans (Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) in Lambs. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 53: 47-51.
4. Ozmen O, Yukari BA, Haligur M, Sahinduran S. (2006). Observations and Immunohistochemical Detection of Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium Parvum and Giardia Intestinalis In Neonatal Diarrhoea In Lambs An Kids. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 148 (7): 357-364.
5. Kırbaş A, Balkaya İ, Temur A. (2012). A Giardiosis Case in a Lamb. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg. 23: 29-31.
6. Yang R, Jacobson C, Gordon C, Ryan U. (2009). Prevalence and Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Species in Pre-Weaned Sheep in Australia. Vet Parasitol. 161 (1-2): 19-24.
7. Thompson RA. (2000). Giardiasis as a Re-Emerging Infectious Disease and Its Zoonotic Potential. Int J Parasitol. 30 (12-13): 1259-1267.
8. Cacciò SM, De Giacomo M, Pozio E. (2002). Sequence Analysis of The Β-Giardin Gene and Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assay to Genotype Giardiaduodenalis Cysts From Human Faecal Samples. Int J Parasitol. 32 (8): 1023-1030.

9. Lalle M, Pozio E, Capelli G, Bruschi F, Crotti D, Cacciò SM. (2005). Genetic Heterogeneity at The Β-Giardin Locus Among Human and Animal Isolates of Giardia Duodenalis and Identification of Potentially Zoonotic Subgenotypes. Int J Parasitol. 35 (2): 207-213.
10. Wegayehu T, Karim MR, Li J, et al. (2016). Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species and Giardia Duodenalis in Lambs in Oromia Special Zone, Central Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 13 (1): 1-7.
11. Geurden T, Thomas P, Casaert S, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. (2008). Prevalence and Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Lambs and Goat Kids in Belgium. Vet Parasitol. 155 (1-2): 142-145.
12. Santín M, Trout JM, Fayer R. (2007). Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Species and Genotypes in Sheep in Maryland. Vet Parasitol. 146 (1-2): 17-24.
13. Olson M, Thorlakson C, Deselliers L, Morck D, McAllister T. (1997). Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Canadian Farm Animals. Vet Parasitol. 68 (4): 375-381.
14. Robertson L, Gjerde B, Hansen EF. (2010). The Zoonotic Potential of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Norwegian Sheep: A Longitudinal Investigation of 6 Flocks of lambs. Vet Parasitol. 171 (1-2): 140-145.
15. Giangaspero A, Paoletti B, Iorio R, Traversa D. (2005). Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Giardia Duodenalis from Sheep in Central Italy. Parasitol Res. 96 (1): 32-37.
16. Arslan S, Öncel T, Malal ME, et al. (2016). Bacteriological, Virological and Parasitological Etiology in Diarrhea Cases in Determined in Post-mortem Lambs and Kids in Marmara Region. Van Vet J. 27 (3): 147-152.
17. Gazyağcı E, Gazyağcı AN, Ayan A, Orunç Kılınç Ö. (2020). Investigation of Giardia duodenalis in Lambs Feces in Kırıkkale Province. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 11 (2): 60-63.
18. Ayan A, Ural DA, Erdogan H, Kilinc OO, Gültekin M, Ural K. (2019). Prevalance and Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Livestock in Van, Turkey. IJEES. 9 (2): 289-296.
19. Arslan M, Kara M, Temur A, Altun S, Kucukkalem O. (2008). The Evaluation of Parasitic Diseases in Farm Animals in North-Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 14 (1): 31-35.
20. Değerli S, Çeliksöz A, Kalkan K, Özçelik S. (2005). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Cows and Calves in Sivas. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci. 29 (4): 995-999.
21. Gultekin M, Ural K, Aysul N, Ayan A, Balikci C, Akyildiz G. (2017). Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Dogs in Aydin, Turkey. Int J Environ Health Res. 27 (3): 161-168.
22. Sursal N, Simsek E, Yildiz K. (2020). Feline Giardiasis in Turkey: Prevalence and Genetic and Haplotype Diversity of Giardia duodenalis Based on the β-Giardin Gene Sequence in Symptomatic Cats. J Parasitol. 106 (5): 699-706.
23. Rad AY, Aysal S, Taner M. (2007). Investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in Various Water Sources in Isparta area, Turkey. Hacettepe J. Biol. Chem. 235 (3): 209-217.
24. Koçhan A, Şimşek A, İpek DNS, Hasan İ. (2020). Severe Bloody Diarrhea in a Calf Infected with Giardia duodenalis. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 13 (2): 179-182.
25. Ural DA, Erdoğan H, Toplu S, Ayan A. (2017). Application of Oral Clinoptilolite Intended for Prevention of Giardiasis in Goat Kids. Kocatepe Vet J. 10 (3): 158-163.
26. Değerli S, Özçelik S. (2003). The first Giardia Infection in Cattle Gall Bladder. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 27 (5): 1231-1233.