Akarsu Kirliliğinin Azaltılmasında Fitoremediasyon Yaklaşımının Kullanımı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 285 - 302, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Ayteğin , Mehmet Özcan

https://doi.org/10.58816/duzceod.1690211

Öz

Yeterli ve temiz içme ve sulama suyu temini, dünya genelinde ciddi bir endişe kaynağıdır. Dünya genelinde çeşitli kirletici kaynakları su kalitesinin düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Çevresel ve sucul ekosistemler, bu kirletici maddelerin salınımına maruz kalmaktadır. Ne yazık ki, kirlenmiş ortamların arıtımı için çevre dostu yöntemler sınırlıdır. Ağır metal kirliliği, insan sağlığı üzerinde ciddi hastalıklara neden olan en büyük tehditlerden biridir. Bitkilerin kirleticileri uzaklaştırma kapasitesine dayanan fitoremediasyon, çevre dostu ve ekonomik bir çözüm olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu yöntem, toksik elementlerin toprakta birikimini azaltmada etkili olduğu gibi, biyoremediasyon ile entegre edilen sistemlerde su kirleticilerinin giderilmesinde de dikkat çekmektedir. Fitoremediasyonun etkinliğini artırmak için, farklı bitki türlerinin potansiyelini inceleyen mekanik süreçler uygulanmaktadır. Bu süreçte, multidisipliner bir yaklaşım benimsenerek geniş bir bitki yelpazesinin analiz edilmesi önem taşır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fitoremediasyon , akarsu kirliliği , ağır metaller , sürdürülebilir çevre , bitki bazlı temizleme

Teşekkür

Ahmet AYTEĞİN, Yükseköğretim Kurulu’nun 100/2000 Doktora Burs Programı kapsamında, 'Sürdürülebilir Ormancılık ve Orman Afetleri' tematik alanında desteklenmiştir.

Use of Phytoremediation Approach to Decrease Streamwater Pollution

Öz

The supply of adequate and clean drinking and irrigation water is a serious concern worldwide. Various sources of pollutants around the world are causing water quality degradation. Environmental and aquatic ecosystems are exposed to the release of these pollutants. Unfortunately, environmentally friendly methods for the treatment of contaminated environments are limited. Heavy metal pollution is one of the biggest threats to human health, causing serious illnesses. Phytoremediation, based on the capacity of plants to remove pollutants, stands out as an environmentally friendly and economical solution. This method is effective in reducing the accumulation of toxic elements in soil, as well as in the removal of water pollutants in systems integrated with bioremediation. In order to increase the efficiency of phytoremediation, mechanistic processes that examine the potential of different plant species are applied. In this process, it is important to analyze a wide range of plants by adopting a multidisciplinary approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phytoremediation , river pollution , heavy metals , sustainable environment , plant-based cleanup

Kaynakça

• Abdallah, M.A.M. (2012). Phytoremediation of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by two aquatic macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum and Lemna gibba L. Environ. Technol., 33, 1609–1614.
• Acar, B.Ç., ve Acar, M.B. (2022). Kimyasal yöntemlerle atık sulardan ağır metal giderimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13.
• AiniSyuhaida, A.W., Sharifah Norkhadijah, S.I., Emilia, Z.A. & Sarva Mangala, P. (2014). Neptuniaoleracea (water mimosa) as phytoremediation plant and the risk to human health: A review. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(15), 187-194.
• Ali, H., Khan, E., & Sajad, M.A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals—Concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91(7), 869-881.
• Aurangzeb, N., Nisa, S., Bibi, Y., Javed, F., & Hussain, F. (2014). Phytoremediation potential of aquatic herbs from steel foundry effluent. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31, 881-886.
• Ay, İ. (2019). Ağır metal şelasyonunda fitoremediasyon tekniği ve uygulamada etkili makrofitler. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 2(3), 77-82.
• Baghırova, F. (2020). ‘Sucul ortamlardan fitoremediasyon yöntemi ile ağır metal giderimi’. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
• Basile A., Sorbo S., Conte B., Cobianchi R.C., Trinchella F., Capasso C. & Carginale V. (2012). Toxicity, accumulation, and removal of heavy metals by three aquatic macrophytes. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 14, 374–387.
• Bello, A.O., Tawabini, B.S., Khalil, A.B., Boland, C.R. & Saleh, T.A. (2018). Phytoremediation of cadmium-, lead- and nickel-contaminated water by Phragmites australis in hydroponic systems. Ecol. Eng., 120, 126–133.
• Benaroya, R.O., Tzin, V., Tel-Or, E. & Zamski, E. (2004). Lead accumulation in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 639–645.
• Bokhari, S.H., Ahmad, İ., Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, M., Mohammad, A. (2016). Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals. Int. J. Phytoremediat, 18, 25–32.
• Bütünoğlu, A. (2018). ‘Su kaynaklarinda yüzer sulak alan ve sucul bitkiler ile nütrient gideriminin değerlendirilmesi’. Uzmanlık Tezi. T.C Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Caldelas, C., Araus, J.L., Febrero, A. & Bort, J. (2012). Accumulation and toxic effects of chromium and zinc in Iris pseudacorus L. Acta Physiol. Plant., 34, 1217–1228.
• Chandra R. & Yadav S. (2011). Phytoremediation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn from aqueous solution using Phragmites cummunis, typha angustifolia and Cyperous esculentus, Int. J. Phytoremediat., 13, 580–591.
• Chen G., Liu X., Brookes P.C. & Xu J. (2015). Opportunities for phytoremediation and bioindication of arsenic contaminated water using a submerged aquatic plant: Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, Int. J. Phytoremediat., 17, 249–255.
• Chen, L., Zhou, S., Şi, Y., Wang, C., Li, B., Li, Y. & Wu, S. (2018). Heavy metals in food crops, soil, and water in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu Region and their potential health risks when ingested. Science of The Total Env., 615, 141–149.
• Cirik, Ş. ve Cirik, S. (2004). Su bitkileri (deniz bitkilerinin biyolojisi, ekolojisi yetiştirme teknikleri), Bornova–İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Colzi, I., Lastrucci, L., Rangoni, M., Coppi, A. & Gonnelli, C. (2018). Using Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. to remove heavy metals from contaminated water: Better dead or alive? J. Environ. Manag., 213, 320–328.
• Da Silva, A.A., De Oliveira, J.A., De Campos, F.V., Ribeiro, C., Farnese, F.D.S. & Costa, A.C. (2018). Phytoremediation potential of Salvinia molesta for arsenite contaminated water: Role of antioxidant enzymes. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol., 30, 275–286.
• Das, S., Goswami, S. & Das Talukdar, A. (2013). A Study on Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Water Lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 92, 169–174.
• Delgado-González, C.R., Madariaga-Navarrete, A., Fernández-Cortés, J.M., Islas-Pelcastre, M., Oza, G., Iqbal, H.M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Advances and applications of water phytoremediation: A potential biotechnological approach for the treatment of heavy metals from contaminated water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5215.
• Dhir, B., Sharmila, P. & Pardha Saradhi, P. (2009). Potential of aquatic macrophytes for removing contaminants from the environment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1-28.
• Dhir, B. & Srivastava, S. (2011). Heavy metal removal from a multi-metal solution and wastewater by Salvinia natans. Ecol. Eng., 37, 893–896.
• Dixit, S. & Dhote, S. (2009). Evaluation of uptake rate of heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata. Environ. Monit. Assess., 169, 367–374.
• Eid, E.M., Shaltout, K.H., El-Sheikh, M.A. & Asaeda, T. (2012). Seasonal courses of nutrients and heavy metals in water, sediment and above- and below-ground Typha domingensis biomass in Lake Burullus (Egypt): Perspectives for phytoremediation. Flora, 207, 783–794.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency), (1995). Contaminants and Remedial Options at Select Metals – Contaminated Sites, EPA/540/R-95/512.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (1998). A citizen's guide to phytoremediation. Washington, DC: EPA. Publication 542-F-98-011.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (1999). Phytoremediation resource guide. Washington, DC: EPA. Publication 542-B-99-003.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (2000). Introduction of Phytoremediation. epa/600/R-99/107, Cincinati, Ohio, U.S.A.
• Fritioff, Å. & Greger, M. (2006). Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans. Chemosphere, 63, 220–227.
• Galal, T.M., Al-Sodany, Y.M. & Al-Yasi, H.M. (2019). Phytostabilization as a phytoremediation strategy for mitigating water pollutants by the floating macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) P.H. Raven. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 22, 373–382.
• Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(1), 1-18.
• Glass D.J. (1999), Economic patential of phytoremediation, Phyforemediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment, (Raskin I., Ensley B.D., Eds.), John Wiley&Sans, New York, 15-31.
• Gomes, M.V.T., de Souza, R.R., Teles, V.S. & Mendes, É.A. (2014). Phytoremediation of water contaminated with mercury using Typha domingensis in constructed wetland. Chemosphere, 103, 228–233.
• Güneş, A., Kumar, R., Pek, T., Yüksel, M., & Kabay, N. (2017). Yapay Sulak Alanlarda Atıksu RehabilitasyonundaKullanılan Salvinia natans ve Lemna minor Bitki Türlerinin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkileri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 74(EK-1), 79-86.
• Hanif, A. & Bhatti, H.N. (2009). Removal and recovery of Cu (II) and Zn (II) using immobilized Mentha arvensis distillation waste biomass. Ecol. Eng., 35, 1427-1434.
• Hayta, Ş. ve Erkan, Y. (2019). Ahlat Sazlıklarındaki, Phragmites australis (cav.) Trin. Ex stend, Typha angustifolia L., Lythrum salicaria L. Bitkilerinin ve Bunları Çevreleyen Sedimentlerde Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 795-805.
• Hejna, M., Moscatelli, A., Stroppa, N., Onelli, E., Pilu, S., Baldi, A. & Rossi, L. (2020). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals from wastewater through a Typha latifolia and Thelypteris palustris phytoremediation system. Chemosphere, 241, 125018.
• Hoffmann, T.L., Kutter, C. & Santamaria, J.M. (2004). Capacity of Salvinia minima Baker to Tolerate and Accumulate As and Pb. Eng. Life Sci., 4, 61–65.
• Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L. & Zhang, Q. (2012) Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: A review. J. Hazard. Mat., 211, 317–331.
• Huang, Z.C., Chen, T.B., Lei, M. & Hu, T.D. (2004). Direct determination of arsenic species in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata by EXAFS. Acta Bot., 46, 46–50.
• Ingole, N.W. & Bhole, A.G. (2003). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 52, 119–128.
• Kırım, B., Çoban, D., & Güler, M. (2014). Floating aquatic plants and their impact on wetlands in Turkey. In 2 nd International Conference-Water resources and wetlands. Tulcea, Romania.
• Kumar, J.N., Soni, H., Kumar, R.N. & Bhatt, İ. (2008). Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in Pariyej Community Reserve, Gujarat, India. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 8, 193–200.
• Kumar, V. & Chopra, A.K. (2018). Phytoremediation potential of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) using municipal wastewater of the activated sludge process-based municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environ. Technol., 39, 12–23.
• Kumar, V., Singh, J., Saini,
• Bu yanıtı durdurdunuz
• Abdallah, M.A.M. (2012). Phytoremediation of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by two aquatic macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum and Lemna gibba L. Environ. Technol., 33, 1609–1614.  
• Acar, B.Ç., ve Acar, M.B. (2022). Kimyasal yöntemlerle atık sulardan ağır metal giderimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13.
• AiniSyuhaida, A.W., Sharifah Norkhadijah, S.I., Emilia, Z.A. & Sarva Mangala, P. (2014). Neptuniaoleracea (water mimosa) as phytoremediation plant and the risk to human health: A review. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(15), 187-194, 
• Ali, H., Khan, E., & Sajad, M.A. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals—Concepts and applications. Chemosphere, 91(7), 869-881.
• Aurangzeb, N., Nisa, S., Bibi, Y., Javed, F., & Hussain, F. (2014). Phytoremediation potential of aquatic herbs from steel foundry effluent. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31, 881-886.
• Ay, İ. (2019). Ağır metal şelasyonunda fitoremediasyon tekniği ve uygulamada etkili makrofitler. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 2(3), 77-82. 
• Baghırova, F. (2020). ‘Sucul ortamlardan fitoremediasyon yöntemi ile ağır metal giderimi’. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
• Basile A., Sorbo S., Conte B., Cobianchi R.C., Trinchella F., Capasso C. & Carginale V. (2012). Toxicity, accumulation, and removal of heavy metals by three aquatic macrophytes. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 14, 374–387.
• Bello, A.O., Tawabini, B.S., Khalil, A.B., Boland, C.R. & Saleh, T.A. (2018). Phytoremediation of cadmium-, lead- and nickel-contaminated water by Phragmites australis in hydroponic systems. Ecol. Eng., 120, 126–133. 
• Benaroya, R.O., Tzin, V., Tel-Or, E. & Zamski, E. (2004). Lead accumulation in the aquatic fern Azolla filiculoides. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 639–645. 
• Bokhari, S.H., Ahmad, I., Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, M., Mohammad, A. (2016). Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals. Int. J. Phytoremediat, 18, 25–32.
• Bütünoğlu, A. (2018). ‘Su kaynaklarinda yüzer sulak alan ve sucul bitkiler ile nütrient gideriminin değerlendirilmesi’. Uzmanlık Tezi. T.C Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Caldelas, C., Araus, J.L., Febrero, A. & Bort, J. (2012). Accumulation and toxic effects of chromium and zinc in Iris pseudacorus L. Acta  Physiol. Plant., 34, 1217–1228. 
• Chandra R. & Yadav S. (2011). Phytoremediation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn from aqueous solution using Phragmites cummunis, typha angustifolia and Cyperous esculentus, Int. J. Phytoremediat., 13, 580–591.
• Chen G., Liu X., Brookes P.C. & Xu J. (2015). Opportunities for phytoremediation and bioindication of arsenic contaminated water using a submerged aquatic plant: Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara, Int. J. Phytoremediat., 17, 249–255.
• Chen, L., Zhou, S., Şi, Y., Wang, C., Li, B., Li, Y. & Wu, S. (2018). Heavy metals in food crops, soil, and water in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu Region and their potential health risks when ingested. Science of The Total Env., 615, 141–149.
• Cirik, Ş. ve Cirik, S. (2004). Su bitkileri (deniz bitkilerinin biyolojisi, ekolojisi yetiştirme teknikleri), Bornova–İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Colzi, I., Lastrucci, L., Rangoni, M., Coppi, A. & Gonnelli, C. (2018). Using Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. to remove heavy metals from contaminated water: Better dead or alive? J. Environ. Manag., 213, 320–328.
• Da Silva, A.A., De Oliveira, J.A., De Campos, F.V., Ribeiro, C., Farnese, F.D.S. & Costa, A.C. (2018). Phytoremediation potential of Salvinia molesta for arsenite contaminated water: Role of antioxidant enzymes. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol., 30, 275–286. 
• Das, S., Goswami, S. & Das Talukdar, A. (2013). A Study on Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Water Lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 92, 169–174. 
• Delgado-González, C.R., Madariaga-Navarrete, A., Fernández-Cortés, J.M., Islas-Pelcastre, M., Oza, G., Iqbal, H.M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Advances and applications of water phytoremediation: A potential biotechnological approach for the treatment of heavy metals from contaminated water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5215.
• Dhir, B., Sharmila, P. & Pardha Saradhi, P. (2009). Potential of aquatic macrophytes for removing contaminants from the environment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1-28, 
• Dhir, B. & Srivastava, S. (2011). Heavy metal removal from a multi-metal solution and wastewater by Salvinia natans. Ecol. Eng., 37, 893–896. 
• Dixit, S. & Dhote, S. (2009). Evaluation of uptake rate of heavy metals by Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata. Environ. Monit. Assess., 169, 367–374. 
• Eid, E.M., Shaltout, K.H., El-Sheikh, M.A. & Asaeda, T. (2012). Seasonal courses of nutrients and heavy metals in water, sediment and above- and below-ground Typha domingensis biomass in Lake Burullus (Egypt): Perspectives for phytoremediation. Flora, 207, 783–794. 
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency), (1995). Contaminants and Remedial Options at Select Metals – Contaminated Sites, EPA/540/R-95/512.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (1998). A citizen's guide to phytoremediation. Washington, DC: EPA. Publication 542-F-98-011.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (1999). Phytoremediation resource guide. Washington, DC: EPA. Publication 542-B-99-003.
• E.P.A. (Environmental Protection Agency). (2000). Introduction of Phytoremediation. epa/600/R-99/107, Cincinati, Ohio, U.S.A. 
• Fritioff, Å. & Greger, M. (2006). Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans. Chemosphere, 63, 220–227. 
• Galal, T.M., Al-Sodany, Y.M. & Al-Yasi, H.M. (2019). Phytostabilization as a phytoremediation strategy for mitigating water pollutants by the floating macrophyte Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) P.H. Raven. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 22, 373–382. 
• Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(1), 1-18.
• Glass D.J. (1999), Economic patential of phytoremediation, Phyforemediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment, (Raskin I., Ensley B.D., Eds.), John Wiley&Sans, New York, 15-31.
• Gomes, M.V.T., de Souza, R.R., Teles, V.S. & Mendes, É.A. (2014). Phytoremediation of water contaminated with mercury using Typha domingensis in constructed wetland. Chemosphere, 103, 228–233. 
• Güneş, A., Kumar, R., Pek, T., Yüksel, M., & Kabay, N. (2017). Yapay Sulak Alanlarda Atıksu RehabilitasyonundaKullanılan Salvinia natans ve Lemna minor Bitki Türlerinin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkileri. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 74(EK-1), 79-86.
• Hanif, A. & Bhatti, H.N. (2009). Removal and recovery of Cu (II) and Zn (II) using immobilized Mentha arvensis distillation waste biomass. Ecol. Eng., 35, 1427-1434.
• Hayta, Ş. ve Erkan, Y. (2019). Ahlat Sazlıklarındaki, Phragmites australis (cav.) Trin. Ex stend, Typha angustifolia L., Lythrum salicaria L. Bitkilerinin ve Bunları Çevreleyen Sedimentlerde Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 795-805.
• Hejna, M., Moscatelli, A., Stroppa, N., Onelli, E., Pilu, S., Baldi, A. & Rossi, L. (2020). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals from wastewater through a Typha latifolia and Thelypteris palustris phytoremediation system. Chemosphere, 241, 125018. 
• Hoffmann, T.L., Kutter, C. & Santamaria, J.M. (2004). Capacity of Salvinia minima Baker to Tolerate and Accumulate As and Pb. Eng. Life Sci., 4, 61–65. 
• Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L. & Zhang, Q. (2012) Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: A review. J. Hazard. Mat., 211, 317–331.
• Huang, Z.C., Chen, T.B., Lei, M. & Hu, T.D. (2004). Direct determination of arsenic species in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata by EXAFS. Acta Bot., 46, 46–50. 
• Ingole, N.W. & Bhole, A.G. (2003). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 52, 119–128. 
• Kırım, B., Çoban, D., & Güler, M. (2014). Floating aquatic plants and their impact on wetlands in Turkey. In 2 nd International Conference-Water resources and wetlands. Tulcea, Romania.
• Kumar, J.N., Soni, H., Kumar, R.N. & Bhatt, I. (2008). Macrophytes in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water and sediments in Pariyej Community Reserve, Gujarat, India. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 8, 193–200. 
• Kumar, V. & Chopra, A.K. (2018). Phytoremediation potential of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) using municipal wastewater of the activated sludge process-based municipal wastewater treatment plant. Environ. Technol., 39, 12–23. 
• Kumar, V., Singh, J., Saini, A. & Kumar, P. (2019). Phytoremediation of copper, iron and mercury from aqueous solution by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Environ. Sustain., 2, 55–65. 
• Li, B., Gu, B., Yang, Z. & Zhang, T. (2018). The role of submerged macrophytes in phytoremediation of arsenic from contaminated water: A case study on Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 165, 224–231. 
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• Rai, P.K. (2008). Technical Note: Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from Industrial Effluents using an Aquatic Free Floating Macrophyte Azolla pinnata. Int. J. Phytoremediat., 10, 430–439. 
• Rai, P.K. (2009). Heavy Metal Phytoremediation from Aquatic Ecosystems with Special Reference to Macrophytes. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 39(9), 697–753. 
• Rajakaruna, N., Tompkins, K. M., & Pavicevic, P. G. (2006). Phytoremediation: an affordable green technology for the clean-up of metal-contaminated sites in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, 35(1), 25.
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• Rezania, S., Taib, S. M., Din, M. F. M., Dahalan, F. A., & Kamyab, H. (2016). Comprehensive review on phytotechnology: Heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants species from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 318, 587-599.  
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• her kaynak arasına 1 satır boşluğu bırakarak yaz italik olan kelimeler italik olarak kalsın
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• Sivaci, E.R., Sivaci, A., & Sökmen, M. (2004). Biosorption of cadmium by Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Myriophyllum triphyllum orchard. Chemosphere, 56, 1043–1048.
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• Terzi, H., ve Yıldız, M. (2011). Ağır metaller ve fitoremediasyon: fizyolojik ve moleküler mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 1-22.
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