Melatonin and Antioxidant Effects

Yıl 2019, , 196 - 201, 30.09.2019

Nurhayat Atasoy

https://doi.org/10.33631/duzcesbed.492547

Cited By: 4

Öz

Biosynthesis and chemical structure of melatonin,
the main hormone secreted from the pineal gland, although its existence has
been known since ancient times it appeared in 1958 by Lerner. Melatonin is
responsible for circadian regulation and sleep control in the organism at the
highest concentration throughout the night. In blood shows a circadian rhythm
and night values are much higher than day levels. The other important function
of melatonin is thought to be a strong free radical scavenger at extreme level.
Melatonin can extinguish both reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen
species. It is known that melatonin also catches the very toxic hydroxyl
radical, peroxy nitrite anion and peroxyl radical. Melatonin also inhibits
nitric oxide synthetase, a prooxidative enzyme in some places. It is also known
that for the superoxide dismutase enzyme, also stimulate the mRNA level for the
superoxide dismutase enzyme and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase are
activated. The aim of the review is to emphasize once again the importance that
melatonin is a very powerful antioxidant as a result of both in vivo and in
vitro experiments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Melatonin, antioxidant, free radical, photoperiodism, sleep

Melatonin ve Antioksidan Etkileri

Öz

Çok
eski zamanlardan beri varlığı bilinmesine rağmen pineal bezden salgılanan temel
hormon olan melatoninin biyosentezi ve kimyasal yapısı ancak 1958’de Lerner
tarafından ortaya konulabilmiştir. Melatonin gece boyunca en yüksek
konsantrasyonda organizmada karşılaşılan sirkadiyen düzenleme ve uyku
kontrolünden sorumludur. Kanda sirkadiyen bir ritim gösterir, gece değerleri
ise gündüz seviyelerinden oldukça yüksektir. Melatoninin diğer önemli
fonksiyonunun son derece güçlü serbest bir radikal temizleyici olduğu
düşünülmektedir. Melatonin hem reaktif oksijen türlerini hem de reaktif azot
türlerini etkisiz hale getirebilir. Melatoninin aynı zamanda çok toksik olan
hidroksil radikalini, peroksi nitrit anyonu ve peroksil radikalini yakaladığı
bilinmektedir. Melatonin bazı yerlerde bir prooksidatif enzim olan nitrik oksit
sentetazı da inhibe etmektedir. Ayrıca süperoksit dismutaz enzimi için mRNA
düzeyini sitümüle etmekte ve glutatyon peroksidaz, glutatyon redüktaz ve
glukoz-6 fosfat dehidrojenazı aktive ettiği de bilinmektedir. Derlemenin amacı
hem in vivo hem de in vitro yapılan deneyler sonucunda melatoninin çok güçlü
bir antioksidan olduğunun önemini bir kez daha vurgulamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Melatonin, Antioksidan Madde, Serbest Radikal, Fotoperiyodizm, uyku

Kaynakça

• 1. Karabulut H, Gülay MŞ. Antioksidanlar. MAE Vet Fak Derg. 2016; 1(1): 65-76.
• 2. Sies H. Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol. 1997; 2(2): 291-5.
• 3. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010; 4(8): 118-26.
• 4. Ramis MR, Esteban S, Miralles A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Protective effects of melatonin and mitochondria-target antioxidants against oxidative stress: A review. Curr Med Chem. 2015; 22(22): 2690-711.
• 5. Atasoy ÖB, Erbaş O. Melatonin hormonunun fizyolojik etkileri. FNG & Bilim Tıp Dergisi. 2017; 3(1): 52-62.
• 6. Reiter RJ, Calvo JR, Karbownik M, Qi W, Tan DX. Melatonin and its relation to the immune system and inflammation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000; 917: 376-86.
• 7. Konturek SJ, Konturek PC, Brzozowska I, Pawlik M, Sliwowski Z, Cześnikiewicz-Guzik M. Localization and biological activities of melatonin in intact and diseased gastrointestinal tract (GIT). J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007; 58(3): 381-405.
• 8. Johns JR, Latts JA. Theoretical insight into the antioxidant properties of melatonin and derivatives. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014; 12(39): 7820-7.
• 9. Yellon SM. Acute 60Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster. J Pineal Res. 1994; 16(3): 136-44.
• 10. Dusak A. Kolon kanserli hastalarda bazı antioksidant enzim aktivitelerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Van: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2015.
• 11. Sen S, Chakraborty R. The Role of Antioxidants in Human Health. In: Andreescu S, Hepel M, editors. Oxidative Stress: Diagnostics, Prevention, and Therapy; 2011. p. 1-37.
• 12. Hilton G. Melatonin and the pineal gland. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2002; 34(2): 74-8.
• 13. Beyer CE, Steketee JD, Saphier D. Antioxidant properties of melatonin-an emerging mystery. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998; 56(10): 1265-72.
• 14. Claustrat B, Brun J, Chazot G. The basic physiology and pathophisology of melatonin. Sleep Med Rev. 2005; 9(1): 11-24.
• 15. Reiter RJ. The mammalian pineal gland: Structure and function. Am J Anat.1981; 162(4): 287-313
• 16. Yılmaz B. Epifiz (Pineal bez). Hormonlar ve üreme fizyolojisi. Ankara: Feryal Matbaacılık; 1999.
• 17. Yazıcı C, Köse K. Melatonin: Karanlığın antioksidan gücü. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2004; 13(2): 56-65.
• 18. Brzezinski A. Melatonin in humans. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(3): 186-95.
• 19. Maksimovich AA. Structure and function of the pineal gland in the vertebrates. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol. 2002; 38(1): 3-13.
• 20. Hardeland R, Pandi-Perumal S, Cardinali DP. Melatonin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006; 38(3): 313-6.
• 21. Gomes P, Soares-da-Silva P. L-DOPA transport properties in an immortalised cell line of rat capillary cerebral endothelial cells, RBE 4. Brain Res. 1999; 829(1-2): 143-50.
• 22. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Simopoulos AP, Maldonado MD, Flores LJ, et al. Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): Identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2007; 97: 211-30.
• 23. Özcelik F, Erdem M, Bolu A, Gülsün M. Melatonin: General Features and its Role in Psychiatric Disorders, Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 2013; 5(2): 179-203.
• 24. Scheer F, Czeisler CA. Melatonin, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Sleep Med Rev. 2005; 9(1): 5-9.
• 25. Şener G. Karanlığın hormonu: Melatonin. Marmara Eczacılık Dergisi. 2010; 14(3): 112-20.
• 26. Ferguson SA, Rajaratnam SM, Dawson D. Melatonin agonists and insomnia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010; 10(2): 305-18.
• 27. Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Maestroni GJ, Zisapel N, et al. Physiological effects of melatonin: role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol. 2008; 85(3): 335-53.
• 28. Liu J, Clough SJ, Hutchinson AJ, Adamah-Biassi EB, Popovska-Gorevski M, Dubocovich ML. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: A Therapeutic Perspective. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016; 56: 361-83.
• 29. Emet M, Ozcan H, Ozel L, Yayla M, Halici Z, Hacimuftuoglu A. A Review of Melatonin, Its Receptors and Drugs. Eurasian J Med. 2016; 48(2): 135-41.
• 30. Çetin E. Melatonin ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. J Fac Vet Med Univ Erciyes. 2005; 2(2): 119-23.
• 31. Ianas O, Olivescu R, Badescu I. Melatonin involvement in oxidative processes. Rom J Endocrinol. 1991; 29(3-4): 147-53.
• 32. Reiter RJ. Functional aspects of the pineal hormone melatonin in combating cell and tissue damage induced by free radicals. Eur J Endocrinol. 1996; 134(4): 412-20.
• 33. Reiter RJ, Maestroni JM. Melatonin in relation to the antioxidative defense and immune systems: Possible implications for cell and organ transplantation. J Mol Med. 1999; 77(1): 36-9.
• 34. Karaaslan Ç, Suzen S. Antioxidant properties of melatonin and its potential action in diseases. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2015; 15(9): 894-903.
• 35. Miller E, Morel A, Saso L, Saluk J. Melatonin redox activity. Its potential clinical applications in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015; 15(2): 163-9.
• 36. Kotler M, Rodriguez C, Sainz R, Antolin I, Menendez-Pelaez A. Melatonin increases gene expression for antioxidant enzymes in rat brain cortex. J Pineal Res. 1998; 24(2): 83-9.
• 37. Reiter RJ. The pineal gland and melatonin relation to aging: A summary of the theories and of the data. Exp Gerontol. 1995; 30(3-4):199-212.
• 38. Vriend J, Reiter RJ. Melatonin feedback on clock genes: a theory involving the proteasome. J Pineal Res. 2015; 58(1): 1-11.
• 39. Hardeland R. Melatonin in aging and disease -multiple consequences of reduced secretion, options and limits of treatment. Aging Dis. 2012; 3(2): 194-225.
• 40. Sanchez A, Colpena AC, Clares B. Evaluating the oxidative stress in inflammation: Role of melatonin. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(8): 16981-7004.
• 41. Johns JR, Latts JA. Theoretical insight into the antioxidant properties of melatonin and derivatives. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2014; 12(39): 7820-7.
• 42. Hill SM, Belancio VP, Dauchy RT, Xiang S, Brimer S, Mao L, et al. Melatonin: An inhibitor of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015; 22(3): R183-204.
• 43. Yücel GN, Kaplanoğlu GT, Seymen C M. Karanlığın Mucizesi: Melatonin ve ovaryum etkileşimi. Dicle Tıp Dergisi / Dicle Med J. 2018; 45(1): 85-92.
• 44. Kuznetsova TY, Solovyova NV, Solovyov VV, Kostenko VO. Antioxidant activity of melatonin and glutathione interacting with hydroxyland superoxide anion radicals. Ukr. Biochem. J. 2017; 89(6): 22-30.
• 45. Manchester LC, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Andersen LP, Zhou Z, Galano A, et al. Melatonin: An ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolicall tolerable. J Pineal Res. 2015; 59(4): 403-19.