Effects of Radiofrequency/Microwave Electromagnetic Radiation on Anxiety and Depression: Literature Review Related to Studies Based on Experimental Animal Models

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 382 - 403, 21.09.2020

Anzel Bahadır

https://doi.org/10.33631/duzcesbed.716526

Öz

Anxiety and/or depression are the most common emotional behavior disorders in the world. This review aimed to investigate the effects of radiofrequency/microwave-electromagnetic radiation (RF/MW-EMR) on anxiety and depression disorders in the experimental animal models. In the review, a total of 31 studies published between 2005-2019 were examined and frequency range, specific absorption rate, power density or electric field, setup, time and region of radiation exposure, animal model and age, measured experimental parameters and results related to these studies were evaluated. Regarding the effects of RF/MW-EMR exposure on anxiety and/or depression in the literature, the EMR effects were found positive in 19 studies on anxiety and one study on depression and negative in five studies on anxiety and one study on depression, while no significant effect of EMR exposure was observed in nine studies on anxiety and three studies on depression. Additionally, in eight studies, various results were found depending on experimental animal model characteristics, radiation exposure conditions, behavior tests, and neurodevelopmental processes. Consequently, the current findings show that RF/MW-EMR exposure may affect the occurrence of anxiety and/or depression disorders so suggest that further research based on neural and molecular mechanisms may be useful in the light of available data in the literatüre.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radiofrequency/microwave-electromagnetic radiation, anxiety, depression, experimental animal models

Radyofrekans/Mikrodalga Elektromanyetik Radyasyonun Anksiyete ve Depresyon Üzerine Etkileri: Deneysel Hayvan Modellerine Dayalı Çalışmalara Ait Literatür Taraması

Öz

Günümüzde anksiyete ve/veya depresyon dünyada en yaygın gözlenen duygusal (emosyonel) davranış bozukluklarıdır. Bu derlemede, radyofrekans/mikrodalga-elektromanyetik radyasyonun (RF/MW-EMR) deneysel hayvan modellerinde anksiyete ve depresyon bozuklukları üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Derlemede, 2005-2019 yılları arasında yayınlanmış toplam 31 çalışma incelenmiş olup, bu çalışmalara ait uygulanan frekans aralığı, spesifik absorbsiyon oranı, güç yoğunluğu veya elektrik alan, radyasyon maruziyet kurulumu, maruziyet süresi ve bölgesi, hayvan modeli ve yaşı, ölçülen deneysel parametreler ile çalışmaların sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirilen literatür verilerindeki anksiyete ve/veya depresyon üzerine RF/MW-EMR maruziyetinin etkileri incelendiğinde, EMR’nun 19 anksiyete çalışması ile bir depresyon çalışmasında pozitif etkileri, beş anksiyete çalışması ile bir depresyon çalışmasında negatif etkileri belirlenirken, dokuz anksiyete çalışması ile üç depresyon çalışmasında EMR maruziyetinin anlamlı derecede bir etkisi gözlenmemiştir. Ayrıca değerlendirilen bu çalışmaların sekizinde, deneysel hayvan modeli özellikleri, radyasyon maruziyet koşulları, davranış testleri ve nörogelişimsel süreçlere bağlı olarak değişken sonuçlar saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak derlemede, RF/MW-EMR maruziyetinin anksiyete ve/veya depresyon bozukluklarının oluşumunu etkileyebileceği gözlenmiş olup, literatürdeki mevcut veriler ışığında, nöral ve moleküler mekanizmalara dayalı ileri araştırmaların yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radyofrekans/mikrodalga-elektromanyetik radyasyon, anksiyete, depresyon, deneysel hayvan modelleri

Kaynakça

• Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from WiFi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat. 2016; 75(Pt B): 116–22.
• Hardell L. World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review). Int J Oncol. 2017; 51(2): 405-13.
• Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019; 26(30): 693-710.
• Verma S, Gupta A, Kumar B. Interaction of radiofrequency radiation with biological systems: a comprehensive update on recent challenges. Def Life Sci J. 2019; 4(2): 83-90.
• Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Neurotoxicology. 2015; 51: 158-65.
• Varghese R, Majumdar A, Kumar G, Shukla A. Rats exposed to 2.45GHz of non-ionizing radiation exhibit behavioral changes with increased brain expression of apoptotic caspase 3. Pathophysiology. 2018; 25(1): 19-30.
• Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. Behavioral in-effectiveness of high frequency electromagnetic field in mice. Physiol Behav. 2015; 140: 32-7.
• ICNIRP, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 1998; 74(4): 494–522.
• Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A, Coventry PA. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2014; 9: 1289-306.
• Campos AC, Fogaça MV, Aguiar DC, Guimaraes FS. Animal models of anxiety disorders and stres. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013; 35(2): 101-11.
• Koç A, Solak Gümüş ZI. Deney hayvanlarında anksiyete çalışmaları. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi. 2018; 11(2): 51-7.
• Daniels WM, Pitout IL, Afullo TJ, Mabandla MV. The effect of electromagnetic radiation in the mobile phone range on the behaviour of the rat. Metab Brain Dis. 2009; 24(4): 629-41.
• Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Alteration of adaptive behaviors of progeny after maternal mobile phone exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(11): 10894–903.
• Petitdant N, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Cerebral radiofrequency exposures during adolescence: impacton astrocytes and brain functions in healthy and pathologic rat models. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016; 37(5): 338-50.
• Barthélémy A, Mouchard A, Bouji M, Blazy K, Puigsegur R, Villégier AS. Glial markers and emotional memory in rats following acute cerebral radiofrequency exposures. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016; 23(24): 25343–55.
• Bouji M, Lecomte A, Gamez C, Blazy K, Villégier AS. Neurobiological effects of repeated radiofrequency exposures in male senescent rats. Biogerontology. 2016; 17(5-6): 841-57.
• Saikhedkar N, Bhatnagar M, Jain A, Sukhwal P, Sharma C, Jaiswal N. Effects of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz radiofrequency) on structure and functions of rat brain. Neurol Res. 2014; 36(12) :1072–9.
• Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Paval J, Kedage V, Bhat MS, Nayak S, et al. Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats. Neurol Sci. 2013; 34(7): 1117–24.
• Odacı E, İkinci A, Yıldırım M, Kaya H, Akça M, Hancı H, et al. The effects of 900 megahertz electromagnetic field applied in the prenatal period on spinal cord morphology and motor behavior in female rat pups. Neuroquantology. 2013; 4:573–81.
• Sokolovic D, Djordjevic B, Kocic G, Babovic P, Ristic G, Stanojkovic Z, et al. The effect of melatonin on body mass and behaviour of rats during an exposure to microwave radiation from mobile phone. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2012; 113(5): 265–9.
• Kumlin T, Iivonen H, Miettinen P, Juvonen A, van Groen T, Puranen L, et al. Mobile phone radiation and the developing brain: behavioral and morphological effects in juvenile rats. Radiat Res. 2007; 168(4): 471-9.
• Khirazova EE, Baizhumanov AA, Trofimova LK, Deev LI, Maslova MV, Sokolova NA, et al. Effects of GSM-frequency electromagnetic radiation on some physiological and biochemical parameters in rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012; 153(6): 817-20.
• Nittby H, Grafström G, Tian DP, Malmgren L, Brun A, Persson BR, et al. Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008; 29(3): 219-32.
• Ahmadi R, Khakpour B, Parsania S. The effects of mobile phone radiation on serum level of cortisol and anxiety in male rats. Armaghane Danesh. 2015; 20 (7): 585-600.
• Zhang JP, Zhang KY, Guo L, Che QL, Gao P, Wang T, et al. Effects of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields on the emotional behavior and spatial memory of adolescent mice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14(11): 1344.
• Junior LC, Guimaraes Eda S, Musso CM, Stabler CT, Garcia RM, Mourao-Junior CA, et al. Behavior and memory evaluation of Wistar rats exposed to 1•8 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Neurol Res. 2014; 36(9): 800–3.
• Shehu A, Mohammed A, Magaji RA, Muhammad MS. Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration affects anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2016; 31(2): 355–62.
• Jadidi M, Miladi-Gorji H, Mahdinezhad M, Torkmandi H. Effects of mobile phone jammer on the anxiety level of male and female mice. Physiol Pharmacol. 2014; 18 (3): 354-63.
• Kumar RS, Sareesh NN, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Hypoactivity of Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone on elevated plus maze. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009; 53(3): 283–6.
• Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS. Fetal radiofrequency radiation exposure from 800-1900 MHz-rated cellular telephones affects neurodevelopment and behavior in mice. Sci Rep. 2012; 2: 312.
• Esmaili MH, Masoumi H, Jadidi M, Miladi-Gorji H, Nazari H. The effects of acute mobile phone radiation on the anxiety level of male rats. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2017; 4(2): e43478.
• Gupta SK, Patel SK, Tomar MS, Singh SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. Long-term exposure of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation induces stress and anxiety like behavior in rats. Neurochem Int. 2019; 128: 1-13.
• Sharma A Sharma S, Shrivastava S, Kumar Singhal P, Shukla S. Mobile phone induced cognitive and neurochemical consequences. J Chem Neuroanat. 2019; 102: 101684.
• Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WiFi signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint. Behav Brain Res. 2017a; 326: 291–302.
• Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017b; 52: 239-47.
• Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2017c; 32(5): 1459–69.
• Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Exp Neurobiol. 2016; 25(6): 318-27.
• Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter anxiety responses in rats: a plus-maze study including test validation. Behav Brain Res. 2005; 156(1): 65–74.
• Obajuluwa AO, Akinyemi AJ, Afolabi OB, Adekoya K, Sanya JO, Ishola AO. Exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic waves alters acetylcholinesterase gene expression, exploratory and motor coordination-linked behaviour in male rats. Toxicol rep. 2017; 4: 530-4.
• Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang C. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. J Radiat Res. 2015; 56(2): 261-8.